Discuss the powers and functions of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.

Points to Remember:

CAG’s independence and accountability.
CAG’s audit powers â both financial and performance audits.
CAG’s reporting mechanisms and impact.
CAG’s role in upholding financial probity and good governance.
Limitations and challenges faced by the CAG.

Introduction:

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is a constitutional authority, holding a position of immense significance in India’s democratic framework. Article 148 of the Constitution of India establishes the CAG as the supreme audit institution of the country, responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments, and ensuring financial accountability and transparency. The CAG’s independence is crucial for maintaining public trust and preventing financial irregularities. The CAG’s reports, presented to the Parliament and State Legislatures, play a vital role in informing public discourse and holding the government accountable.

Body:

1. Audit Powers and Functions:

The CAG’s primary function is to audit the accounts of the Union and State governments, including those of autonomous bodies and corporations receiving government funds. This encompasses:

Financial Audit: Verifying the accuracy, legality, and propriety of government expenditure. This involves checking whether funds were spent according to the approved budget, whether proper procedures were followed, and whether there was any misappropriation or fraud.
Performance Audit: Evaluating the efficiency, effectiveness, and economy of government programs and policies. This goes beyond simply checking financial records to assess whether public resources are being used optimally to achieve intended outcomes. This includes examining the design, implementation, and impact of government schemes.

2. Reporting and Accountability:

The CAG submits its audit reports to the President (for Union accounts) and the Governors (for State accounts). These reports are then tabled in Parliament and State Legislatures, making them accessible to the public. The reports highlight irregularities, inefficiencies, and instances of corruption, enabling parliamentary scrutiny and public debate. The CAG’s findings often lead to investigations by other agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

3. Independence and Impartiality:

The CAG enjoys a high degree of independence, crucial for its effectiveness. The CAG is appointed by the President and can only be removed through impeachment by Parliament, ensuring protection from political interference. This independence allows the CAG to conduct audits impartially and objectively, without fear or favor.

4. Impact and Significance:

The CAG’s work has significantly contributed to improving governance and financial accountability in India. Numerous instances exist where CAG reports have exposed large-scale corruption and prompted government action. For example, the 2G spectrum scam and the Commonwealth Games scam were brought to light, in part, due to CAG reports. These reports have also led to policy reforms and improvements in government processes.

5. Limitations and Challenges:

Despite its significant role, the CAG faces certain limitations:

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Time Lag: The audit process can be time-consuming, leading to delays in the release of reports.
Resource Constraints: The CAG’s resources may not always be sufficient to cover the vast expanse of government activities.
Implementation of Recommendations: While the CAG makes recommendations for improvement, their implementation depends on the government’s will. There is no legal compulsion for the government to accept all recommendations.

Conclusion:

The CAG plays a crucial role in India’s system of checks and balances, acting as a guardian of public funds and a promoter of good governance. Its independence, audit powers, and reporting mechanisms are vital for ensuring financial accountability and transparency. While the CAG faces certain limitations, its contribution to strengthening democratic institutions and promoting probity in public life remains undeniable. To enhance the CAG’s effectiveness, measures should be taken to strengthen its resources, streamline the audit process, and ensure timely implementation of its recommendations. A strengthened CAG is essential for fostering a more accountable and transparent government, ultimately contributing to holistic national development and upholding constitutional values.

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