Arunachal is the largest of all the Northeastern states in India.Total Area of Arunachal Pradesh is 83,743 square kilometer. Latitudinal and Longitudinal position of Arunachal Pradesh is between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° respectively.

The land is mostly mountainous with the Himalayan ranges running north south. Relief of Arunchal Pradesh divides it into 5 river valleys:

1. the Kameng,
2. the Subansiri,

• the Brahmaputra or the Siang,

1. the Lohit and

 

 

Fig: Arunachal Pradesh: Political Map

 

The entire above river are snow-fed. Most important of these is Brahmaputra (called Siang locally), which have Lohit and Subansiri as its tributaries.

Most of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayas. However, parts ofLohit, Tirap and Changlang comes under Patkai bum hills which is art of Eastern Himalayas. Kangto, NyegiKangsang, the main Gorichenpeak, and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas

The Himalayan ranges that extend up to the eastern Arunachal separate it from Tibet. The ranges extend toward Nagaland, and form a boundary between India and Burma in Changlang and Tirap district, acting as a natural barrier called Patkai Bum Hills. Mountains of Himalayas range comes under Shivalik rage. Therefore, their height is lower than the Greater Himalayas.

 

The Arunachal’s terrain is full of deep valleys alternating with highland plateaus and ridges. These features rise in the north adjacent to the peaks of the Himalayan range.

We can divide the topography in 3 categories:

1. Northern Part
2. Middle Part

• Lower Part

 

1. Northern Part is the extension of Greater Himalayas. It forms boundary between India and Tibet. This part has very rough terrain and it is covered with snow most of the year. Kangto is the highest peak of this range with height of 7,060 meter.
2. Middle part has somewhat lesser high mountain and it is very narrow stretch.

• Southern Part lies in the foothills of the Himalayas and is extension of Shivalik range of Himalayas, with height ranges from 1,000 to 3,300 feet

 

It can be seen that three broad features characterise thetopography of the region: Farthest south is a series of foothills, much like the Siwalik Range — a narrow sub-Himalayan belt stretching across much of northern India — that ascend from the Assam plains to elevations of 1,000-3,300 feet.

These hills rise rapidly northward to the lesser Himalayas, where some ridges and spurs reach 10,000 feet.

 

 

Natural Hazards are severe and extreme weather and climate events that occur naturally. These refer to all atmospheric, hydrologic, and geologic phenomena that have the potential to affect humans, their structures, or their activities adversely, because of their location, severity, and frequency. Natural Hazards can happen at any point of time, day or night, and thus, unexpected and unmanaged events. The various disasters include Earthquake, Landslide, Flood, Tsunami, Drought, Cyclone, Cloud Burst, Forest Fire, and many others.The state of Arunachal Pradesh is very prone to various types of natural disasters and is especially vulnerable to earthquakes as it is located in Seismic Zone V.

Natural Hazards in Arunachal Pradesh include Earthquake, Landslide, Cloud Burst, Flash Flood and Forest Fire. Of these, Earthquakes, Landslides and Cloud Burst are the most destructive, in terms of loss of life and destruction of property and environmental degradation. Although these natural hazards cannot be stopped, however, the adverse affect of these calamities can be minimized. It is, thus, essential to understand the processes involved in occurrence of these phenomena, particularly in context of Arunachal Pradesh.

The geology of Arunachal Pradesh is very complex as it exhibits three different mountain systems of different origin in juxtaposition. These are :

(1) The Himalayan Ranges

(2) The Mishmi Hill Ranges

(3) The Naga-Patkai-Arakan Ranges

The Himalayan Ranges in Arunachal forms a continuation of that in Darjeeling, Sikkim and Bhutan in its western part and continue up to the eastern part in Upper and East Siang districts and partly in Dibang Valley and Lohit districts. Geologically, the Himalayan Ranges in Arunachal Pradesh are divisible into three domain : Outer Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya and Higher Himalaya. As in other parts of the Eastern Himalaya, the Arunachal Himalaya also contains distinctive litho-tectonic units. The Mishmi Hill Ranges, which form a part of the Shan-Malaysia Plate, abut against the Himalayan Ranges along the Tuting-Tidding Suture Zone and are mostly present in the Dibang Valley and Lohit districts. These are represented by Mishmi Massif that abut against the Himalayan Ranges along a suture zone, named as the Tuting-Tidding Suture Zone. The Naga-Patkai-Arakan Ranges that abut against the Himalayan and Mishmi Hill ranges are present in Changlang and Tirap districts. These are represented by the Schuppean Belt of Upper Tertiary sequence. Movements in these mountains cause large number of earthquakes periodically along the thrust/faults planes, and quite a large part of the region is being affected by frequent landslides. Various records show that earthquakes of different magnitude have been occurring frequently in Arunachal Pradesh. For example, a team of Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology operated 10 seismic stations in different parts of Arunachal Pradesh for a period of 4-5 months in 1994. The study showed micro-seismic activity with a cluster of earthquakes of magnitudes 2 to 5 in West Kameng and Tawang districts, and another cluster with magnitudes ranging from 1 to 5 in the upper reaches of the Lohit Valley. Further, a linear zone of seismicity between magnitudes 2 to 4 occurs approximately along the MBT zone in foothill area. There are other institutions, such as North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) formerly known as Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Manipur University, etc., which have been recording occurrence of earthquakes in the entire North-Eastern Region. This shows that the seismic activity in Arunachal Himalaya is not uncommon and rather is a regular natural phenomenon, which however, cannot be predicted in terms of time, magnitude and place. On the other hand, unplanned developmental activities in Arunachal Pradesh, particularly the concrete construction for their modern life style, are increasing day by day without considering the vulnerability to the earthquakes. The natural hazards, particularly the Earthquake and Landslide hazards, thus, need attention for comprehensive plan for preparedness and mitigation for sustainable reduction in disaster risk in hazard-prone areas through an integrated approach with active participation of the scientific community and society. Preparedness for Earthquake especially is very important particularly in metro cities having high density of life and property, where Earthquake can result in a large-scale disaster due to inappropriate structures. The need of the day is to educate the general public regarding the danger from earthquake hazards and their mitigation.

Worst ever flood

In june 2012 Arunachal pradesh along with the Assam received massive rainfall and worst flood ever. Arunachal Pradesh  received 80 % excess rainfall in june 2012. Brahmaputra valley have been severed due to landslides. Continuous rain for two days triggered floods in several districts of Arunachal Pradesh, including capital Itanagar.  Rain wreaked havoc in Namsai and Changlang districts with rising water of the Noa Dehing and the Jengthu rivers inundated fresh areas besides damaging several flood protection embankments. So flood is also a big natural hazard in Arunachal pradesh.

Landslide in Tawang, April 2016

16 persons were killed when a massive landslide triggered by incessant rain hit a labour camp in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh in april 2016.

Disaster management strategy for Arunachal pradesh

It has been observed that there are particular regions, which are periodically exposed to the same hazards, but many a times other hazards are striking the regions where they are not expected. For example, on the one hand, earthquake can occur anytime anywhere, on the other hand, floods and cyclones occur at certain places annually. Therefore, communities that periodically face the wrath of the nature have to be helped to cope up with these disasters and prepare well in advance so that losses are minimized. At the same time, it is also important to know how to act in any emergency situation to avoid accidents arising from panic and ignorance. In nut shell, disaster preparedness and mitigation measures have to be applied almost universally. The natural hazards, thus, need attention for comprehensive plan for hazards assessment, preparedness and mitigation for sustainable reduction in disaster risk in hazard-prone areas through an integrated approach with active participation of the scientific community and society. An effective strategy for disaster mitigation may be divided into the following related activities :

(1) Advance Planning : It is most important activity aimed at providing basic directions for creating an environment for long-term protection. It involves :

• Identification of hazard-prone regions on the basis of historical and current knowledge as well as conceptual anticipation.
• Design of engineering specifications for various kind of structure, particularly construction ofØ more than two storey buildings in urban agglomeration.
• Assessment of the vulnerability and risk faced by existing structure and design for retrofitting,Ø wherever necessary. Special attention may be given to all essential buildings, such as hospitals, schools and colleges, telephone exchanges, power houses, water supply, etc.
• Design & operational readiness of protocols for effective rescue and relief measures, prevention of epidemics, and emergency operation of critical services.
• Regular dissemination of information through carefully designed bulletins to evoke a constructive response and avoid panic.

 

 

(2) Rehabilitation and Resettlement : It is a consequential aspect to be taken up on priority basis to provide living atmosphere to the affected people in which they use to live before the calamity. This includes land & building, monetary package, livestock, other economic assets, etc. It is, thus, important to prepare alternate plans for rehabilitation and Resettlement in case of natural hazard. It is essential to regain social life, status and self-confidence of the affected people. It is not an easy task, because many people have sentimental attachments to their parental belongings and socio-cultural relations.

(3) Research and Development : This strategy aims at meticulous scientific preparedness through development of low cost and locally supportable technologies. Efforts should be made for improvement of slope stability, landform classification, etc., and further research be taken up in estimating and mapping the hazards intensities in the threatened areas. Therefore, Scientists, Technologists, Engineers and Administration have a role to play in providing safe, appropriate and economical solutions.

• Scientists Domain – relates to quantification of hazards through improved understanding of hazards occurrence.
• Technologists & Engineers Domain – relates to choice of appropriate analytical models for developing safe and economic designs.
• Administration Domain – relates to public awareness and preparedness programs, particularly rehabilitation and restoring their normal activity.

 

 (4) Awareness Creation : The need of the day is to educate the general public regarding the danger from the natural hazards and their mitigation. Most important is to follow strict enforcement of proper building codes. People themselves should realize to adopt the suitable building codes for their own safety. A very important aspect for hazards analysis and disaster mitigation is availability of instruments and trained manpower, and support from media for public awareness. In case of earthquake hazards, there are varied opinions regarding occurrence of next great earthquake in the NorthEastern Region. This has created panic in the public, especially when the media propagates future occurrence of earthquake based on prediction by some scientist. Though highly scientific and theoretical seismological studies could make prediction for space (where ?), but never about time (when ?). So we should not look for the prediction, but prepare ourselves from the earthquake events. Further, towards extension of the knowledge for better understanding of the natural hazard mitigation and management, it is desirable to have a meaningful interaction between the scientists and technical experts, on one hand, and administrators and planners, on the other hand, on regular basis. It is possible through State and National level workshops and training programs, which may not only produce trained man-power but also result into meaningful recommendations for implementation by the State Government. The natural hazards, particularly the Earthquake and Landslide hazards, need attention for comprehensive plan for preparedness and mitigation for sustainable reduction in disaster risk in hazard-prone areas through an integrated approach with active participation of the scientific community and society. Preparedness for Earthquake especially is very important particularly in district headquarters having high density of life and property, where Earthquake can result in a large-scale disaster due to inappropriate structures.

ACTIONS SUGGESTED

Arunachal Pradesh falls under high seismic zone, and thus, natural hazards mitigation, particularly Earthquake and Landslide Hazards mitigation, needs utmost attention to ensure sustainable development in the State. While it is not possible to prevent natural disasters from occurring, however, the impact of these disasters may be reduced and loss of life and properties may be minimized by adopting suitable mitigation measures. It is said that “Prevention is better than Cure”. Therefore, prevention approach should be taken rather than the curative approach in Hazard Reduction Policy. It is desirable to adopt an integrated approach from anticipation to preparedness, relief, rehabilitation and recovery. It is well said that “Hazards, both – natural and man-made, are inevitable but every hazard need not convert into a Disaster !” There is a requirement of carrying out the mapping of cities and rural areas for vulnerability assessment, which may suggest the areas suitable for development activities or vulnerable to the disasters. A classic example is observed in Lower Dibang Valley District, Arunachal Pradesh, where a bridge over Deopani River near Roing has been collapsed as it was situated near the Himalayan Frontal Fault, which is considered to be active. Similarly, Hunli – a sub-divisional headquarter, has been established on the old landslide debris in Lower Dibang Valley District, which has been reactivated making the area vulnerable. Efforts may be made towards meticulous scientific preparedness through development of low cost and locally supportable technologies for improvement of slope stability, landform classification, etc. Further, research be taken up in estimating and mapping the hazards intensities in the threatened areas. In this context, following studies are proposed and suitable actions are suggested :

• Set up of Seismic Observatories
• Preparation of Hazards Zonation Maps (1:50,000 scale)

1. Sub-Seismic Zonation Maps,
2. Landslide Hazards Zonation Maps,
3.   Lineament Maps with demarcation of active faults.

• Study of Historical Earthquakes (Palaeo-seismicity)
• Landslides Studies

1. Preparing database of old, active and inactive landslides;
2. Preparation of Landslides Hazards Zonation Maps
3. Monitoring of active landslides and high risk areas; and
4. To suggest remedial measures.

• Set up Global Positioning System (GPS) Stations
• Creation of Public Awareness xvi. Education in Hazards Mitigation
• Training Programs and Workshops
• Law Enforcement and Enforcement of Building Codes and Bye-laws

Although certain standards have been laid down for construction of earthquake resistant buildings in the seismic zones, more often than not it is observed that these codes and standards are not followed religiously. Example may be taken of Itanagar Capital Complex, where multi-storey buildings are coming up without considering the bearing capacity of the soil. Even multi-storey buildings have been constructed over the drains without considering the catchment area of that particular drain. Enforcement of Building Codes and By-laws will certainly go a long way in ensuring safety and longevity of the people and civil construction. Even the financial institutions providing loan for construction purposes have to be sensitized to the need for making their investment secure by insisting on earthquake resistant construction by the loanee, where necessary mandatory insurance of all buildings above a stipulated value, size or category, both public and private, have to be ensured through suitable legislation. Valdiya (2002) has already suggested to constitute a State Commission, which could be called the Arunachal Pradesh Natural Hazards Management Commission (APNHMC), to provide the community with all information relating to the vulnerability of areas to hazards, extent and magnitude of risks and likely impacts, and the mitigation measures to be taken up in time. There is an urgent requirement of sensitizing all stake holders to make them aware of their risks and vulnerabilities and seeking their support and co-operation for making a Disaster Management Plan through structural and non structural means. It is important because a large number of developmental activities in terms of hydro electric power projects, development of infrastructure, etc. are also under progress in Arunachal Pradesh. A holistic view has to be taken of all the developmental activities and urbanization pattern due to location of the State in High Seismic Zone.

Agriculture is the predominant sector in Arunachal Pradesh, the eastern most State of India, with more than 60 per cent of workforce engaged in agricultural and allied activities. Given the hilly topography (only around five per cent land is available for cultivation) and continuing dominance of low productive shifting cultivation, diversification of agriculture that raises the earnings of those dependent on agriculture remains one of the fundamental challenges. On the other hand the State has untapped potential for fisheries in terms of many rivers, wetlands, ponds, lakes and area under rice-fish culture system. Hence, in this background fishing presents a good livelihood options for Arunachal Pradesh.   Introduction Fish from times immemorial had been an important dietary food of the people of the state. Fishing is not merely a hobby or sport, but a subsidiary occupation of agricultural farmers. It is a means of living. Fish is also connected with religious taboo. According to the belief of the people, the success or failure of commercial fishing depends on good and bad harvest. On the whole, people had no background knowledge even for traditional fish farming. The fisheries programme was first initiated from the year 1958 – 59 on a very modest scale and with the passage of time and expansion of the programme, pisciculture has taken a firm root in this state and the people are now seeking more and more Govt. assistance for this purpose. At present the people are more eager to take up fish farming as a means of subsidiary income. Caste or creed attributes this to the fact that the rural people are basically agricultural farmers and no “FISHREMAN” exists in the state.   So long the people had to depend on the nature for the fish protein but due to destruction / indiscriminate killing the population has gone down leading to even barrenness in most of the water resources. Further, the scientific method has helped the people to culture the fish in confinement and the crops can be taken out as and when required from their door – step (so the proverb – “Fish in a pond is like the monkey in a bank.”). Fisheries are now regarded as one of the developing sector involved in the socio-economic upliftment of the rural population of the state. It also helps in the generation of the employment i.e. providing scope for the “RIGHT TO WORK” and on the process contributing to the mobilisation of the resources. Besides, pisciculture is an activity in which the women also has the accessibility in this profession and it is also a fact that in many years of the State the women has taken up fish husbandry. The state of Arunachal Pradesh occupying the North-Eastern proximity of the country is characterized by the hilly terrain and criss-crossed by a number of rivers/streams along with a good number of beels in the lower belt and lakes in the middle and higher belts adding to the scenic beauty of its topography. The state has 7000 ha and 2000 Km of lentic and iotic water resources respectively. Of which, 30-40% is falling in the cold water zone of the state. The state is also the happy home for the rich fish fauna with more than 150 fish species. Out of which 20% represents the cold water forms and the remaining 80% is contributed by the admixture of cold and warm water species. The role of the Govt. in the Fishery sector is for the formulation and implementation of various schemes befitting to the topography and climatic conditions of the state. In this process, the objectives are (a) To provide supplementary nutritional diet. (b) To provide income to the state. (c) At least part-time / occasional employment to the farmers of the state. Nevertheless, the Fisheries could be one of the potential areas to overcome the burning un-employment problems particularly for the rural youths and thus calls for taking up people’s participation programme i.e. mass awareness programme. This is presently being covered under “Extension & Training” programme by organising Melas, Exhibition and also various specific training programmes.   Development Schemes 1.Rural Aquaculture: For development excavation of new ponds through peoples participation with necessary Govt. subsidy assisted as per the following pattern.  Item                                  Estimated Cost                        Govt. subsidy (a)Const. Of fish pond       Rs. 3.00 lakhs/ha                           25% subsidy (b)Supply of inputs             Rs. 0.30 lakh/ha                           25% subsidy The estimated production under this scheme varies between Rs. 7,500/- per ha. The response of the farmer is very encouraging under this programme and there is a great pressure for more assistance. This programme is also being carried out through FFDA (Fish Farmers Development Agency)            under CSS (Centrally Sponsored Scheme) programme. 2.Paddy-cum-fish culture : This also a subsidy scheme against which technical guidance towards development of Paddy plots and subsidy against inputs i.e. fish seed and TPT etc. are provided. Through this programme, Common Carp variety of fish is raised alongwith the Paddy. The programme is very popular in Apatani Plateau, Ziro in Lower Subansiri District and it has become an established system with an estimated production of 150 – 250 Kgs/ha/100-120 days without   application of feed/fertilizers which also enhance the Paddy production.   This  programme has also been disseminated to other parts of the State also. To solve the problem of Fish Seed against this Programme, a Regional High Altitude Fish Seed Farm at Tarin near Ziro township established during 1981 – 85 through NEC assistance. 3.Reclamation of Beels/Lakes :           This is a programme for both in the Private and Govt. sector for Capture and Culture fisheries for production of Table fish. Under Private sector scheme fish seeds are provided. 4. Cold Water Fishery : This is a programme for introduction of exotic/endomic trout s in snow-fed streams and other areas including establishment  of trout farm/hatchery in Govt. sector. In view of the scope for cold water fisheries in the high altitude areas, the concept for Trout Farming had come up from the year 1967 – 68 for replenishment of the local resources which was also mostly devoid of local fish The favourable water temperature ranging from below freezing point  to as high as 20 C led to the establishment of 1st Trout Hatchery along the stream of Nuranang at an altitude of about 12000 ft. in Tawang District with the Brown Trout seed imported from Jammu & Kashmir. Subsequently, t he encouraging results of Trout farming could be further disseminated by way of establishment of another Trout Hatchery at Shergaon, West Kameng District located at an elevation of 8000 ft. for culture of both Brown & Rainbow Trout; the latter imported from Himachal Pradesh during 1974-75. Another big trout Hatchery Farm being established at Samteng in West Kameng District under NEC funding and will be commissioned soon. The Trout  farming of Arunachal Pradesh has also drawn the attention of other neighbouring hill States like Nagaland, Meghalaya, ICAR etc and they had imported Trout seed on many a times from this State. 5.Fishers Extension & Training : This is a programme for the creation of training infrastructure, training of fish farmers and manpower development. For farmers training programme, training expenses/stipend etc. is being borne by the Govt. for short term training courses between 10 to 15 days and some times the trainees / farmers are sent to other states for training under central assistance. 6. To support the Peoples Programme for all round Fisheries development activities of the State, the department also operates many Fish / Fish Seed farms as demonstration farm and to ensure quanlity fish seed to the farmer. Some Beel Fisheries, Trout Hatcheries along with some Pilot Projects like Running Water Fish Culture, Magur Culture etc. are also being taken up under the Govt. sector for which necessary funding is being provided by the State Govt. as well as NEC. Under CSS programme major schemes like 2(two) Fish Farmers Development Agency are also in operation in the State. Special Features / Achievements Composite Fish Culture of six species combination has been very successful in foot –hill area of the State through beneficiaries participation in many of the district viz. Balijan, Doimukh&Kimin Circle in Papumpare District; Ziro& Raga in Lower Subsnsiri District; Dumporijo&Baririjo in Upper Subansiri District, East & West Siang District, Namsai&Jairampur in Changlang District etc. Hill district particularly West Kameng and Lower Subsnsiri where fisheries Programme has made tremendous impact and the Women-flok particularly in the Ziro area are integrating Fish Culture with Agriculture & Horticulture and desires special mention. Paddy-cum-fish Culture is one of the most popular programme in the State. Paddy-cum-fish Culture in Apatani Plateau beyong 5000 ft is the first of its kind in the NE Region. And at the instance of Govt. of India which appreciating programme approved for production of a documentary film, which is available wit h the DIPR, Govt. of Arunchal Pradesh. –                     Mahaseer – The Premier Sport Fish abound  in the State. This potential resource led to the holding of an International Angling Festival” consecutive for two years and the prospects for Tourism needs no further elaboration. –                     Cold Water fishery – TROUT FISHERY both Brown and Rainbow Trout variety being cultured for stocking the cold water resources has gained popularity for providing recreation to the Defence personal posted in the forward areas of West Kameng&Tawang district and the State is therefore regarded as the Pioneering State in the field in the N.E.Region. –                     Fish Breeding through Echo-hatcheries for the Indian major Carps (Rohu,Mrigal,Catla,Gonius) & Exotic Carps (Silver Carp & Grass Carp) at EmchiPapumare District and Lathao in Lohit District and Trout Breeding(Brown & Rainbow) in West Kameng&Tawang District are yet another milestone of achievement in the field of Fisheries.     SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis provides a good framework of reviewing position and proposing strategy and direction of any development proposition. STRENGTH: ·         Vast & varied unutilized and underutilized natural resources. ·         Altitudinal variation with distinct agro climate condition. ·         Rice in Fish biodiversity. ·         Assured market for Fish. WEAKNESS: ·         Low priority in planning and decision making process leading to low level of support/incentive to fisheries sector. ·         Inadequate development Focus. ·         Rudimentary extension service system. ·         Poor and disintegrated database on the magnitude of dynamics of exploitable and cultivable aquatic resources. ·         Poorly motivated staff. ·         Weak/ non-existent co-operative and other functional groups. ·         Non-availability of agro climatic zone specific aquaculture technology. ·         Non availability of quality Fish Feed & seed on demand and location. ·         Lack of backup infrastructures for Feed & seed production. ·         Lack of post harvest infrastructure, market research and weak linkage facilities. ·         Sparse distribution of resources and communication bottle neck. ·         Lack of professionalism and knowledge about aquaculture as its technology. ·         Low productivity. ·         Inadequate co-ordination with research institution, weak technology transfer at farmer’s level. ·         Lack of local capacity for capital investment. ·         Lack of indigenous expertise/ technologies and lack of trained personnel. ·         Lack of comprehensive policy for fishing promotion and regulation for sustainability. OPPORTUNITIES: ·         Huge untapped and underutilized resources for development of aquaculture / culture based capture fishery and other enhanced fisheries. ·         Immense scope for diversification, integrated farming, polyculture, monoculture etc. ·         Growing demand for quality fish seed and table fish. ·         Abundant possibilities for development of cold water and ornamental fisheries. ·         Huge potential for development of fish based eco tourism for sustained income and entrepreneurship development. ·         Expansion of paddy cum fish culture. ·         Cross Sectoral convergence. THREATS: ·         Erratic climatic condition. ·         Abrupt occurrence of natural calamities. ·         Over exploitation of open water resources and use of destructive method of fishing. ·         Menace of Poaching. ·         Poor compliance of acts and regulation. ·         Illegal and forceful extraction of river bed materials, destroying breeding ground and hahitar. ·         Gradual siltation of ponds and tanks. ·         Effects of climate change. SWOT analysis clearly indicates that positive aspects (strength and opportunities) far exceed the negative side (weakness and threats). Therefore it deserves priority in planning process. Development of the sector is also expected to help the state the achieving its core objectives, livelihood and nutritional security, reduction of rural poverty and growing rural economy. Approaches for dealing within four object of SWAT framework will be as:- ·         Strength – By maintaining, Building and scaling up. ·         Opportunities – By prioritizing, optimizing and availing. ·         Weakness – By Secking remedies and alternatives. ·         Threat – By countering, and mitigating negative impact.         VISION 2030 fishing Introduction: Arunachal Pradesh with its vast inland fishery resources in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and tanks, beels, marshy lands offers tremendous scope for fisheries. Apart from sustaining large number of commercially important food fishes it also supports wide varieties of ornamental and sport fishes. Land available in most part of the state is undulated and hilly terrain that makes it some what difficult to develop fisheries on commercial lines/ except for foot hills and valleys. Aquaculture till recent past ism practiced in small perennial home stead ponds, mostly on traditional lines. On the other hand catching fish in open water, ponds and tanks has always formed the rural livelihood and means for food security. As against diverse recourses resources only substantial portion of it has been exploited and brought under systematic and judicious management, while leaving majority of the resource unexplored or still in their pristine condition. Aquaculture/ Fishery development in the state started late, however community fishing was prevalent since time immemorial. Inspite of having such a huge potential and promising avenues in fisheries/aquaculture sector, much could not be achieved. It still lags in harnessing these bounties because of various factors and investment being one of them. The sector only needs public and private participation, policy intervention and investment flow which will make this sector vibrant and development oriented. The department since its inception is devoted to development of aquaculture/fishery in the state. Initially the pace of development was slow and with the passage of time it has scaled up. To further accelerate the pace, the department has envisaged some vision and priorities and pursued it with utmost sincerity and dedication in the larger interest of the state and the welfare of farmers. Without setting an objective/goal it wouldn’t have been possible to achieve the progress as of today. With changing scenario and in tune with the demand and emerging opportunities in fisheries sector vision for holistic development of aquaculture and fisheries in the state is redefined as. Vision:  “Transforming rural poverty to prosperity through fisheries and aquaculture Development” ·         Judicious and gainful utilization of resources. ·         Enhancing production and productivity of fish and fish seed with increase in per capita Consumption of fish. ·         Sustainable Aquaculture/Fishery development. ·         Transformation of rural economy ensuring livelihood support and protein security. ·         Strengthening of backup facilities/infrastructures to accelerate development of aquaculture/Fishery. ·         Promotion of cold water fisheries. ·         Promotion of ornamental fish culture. ·         Extensive and effective extension network. ·         Introduction of better management techniques/practices and innovative scheme. ·         Conservation of fish/aquatic bio-diversity. Mission: “Multifold increase in fish production through technology driven aquaculture involving community for sustainable development of fisheries for poverty alleviation, livelihood support, food and nutritional security and accelerating inclusive economic growth” ·         Provide technical guidance to all aqua-culturist and development entrepreneurship ·         Enhance production of table fish seed by introducing best available culture and management practices. ·         Introduce agro-climatic zone specific culture techniques with backup support. ·         Tie up with reputed organization/research institutions for technology support and technology up gradation ·         Facilitate and channelize funding from financial institutions and organizations. ·         Explore market and assistance for marketing. ·         Encourage culture and breeding of ornamental fishes, creation of facilities and to explore trade avenues. ·         Promote cold water fisheries and encourage culture of exotic trouts, snow trouts etc. ·         Encourage sustainable aquaculture by diversifying culture activities presently from carp centric to integrated and other remunerative form of farming. ·         Promote Fishery SHGS, Fish Grower Association, Fishery Co-operative, Fish Farmer Club. ·         Skill development with effective extension coverage. ·         Conservation of indigenous fish species and to make it a people’s movement. Mission thus entails solution for sustainable development aiming at achieving exclusive economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability. Development objective: “To facilitate sustainable development and management of fisheries and aquaculture resources for dignified and sustained rural livelihood.” As indicated there is vision envisaged for tapping the emerging opportunities in fisheries sector and addressing them with scientific backstopping for exploitation. Accelerating the process of aquaculture/fishery development and making it farmer’s friendly a number of schemes under state and central sector with various componenet is being implemented to bring this sector at par with other allied department. Agriculture alone cannot bear the burden of providing food security and employment. The scope for horizontal expansion is agriculture is limited and vertical expansion has its own limitation due to soil type and diverse agroclimatic condition. As such a diversification effort in tapping other available resources is required. Fishery is the most efficient convertor of protein into flesh. It has got edge over other allied agricultural activities In terms of economic return nutrition. Development of this sector can go a long way in solving the problem of livelihood support, Protein security and sustain income generation. Endevour/approach should be specific, target oriented and in holistic manner. It should be able to address the short comings and to meet the expectation of farmers. It is disheartening that we are per force dependent upon other statye even for our consumption requirement of table fish despite ample of resources. All that however is now past and we are looking ahead to make Arunachal Pradesh self sufficient and reduce our dependence. Vision document of the department will redefine our development strategy and opening up windows for new and multifaceted livelihood opportunities trough mission mode intervention with Motto “FROM DEPENDENCE TO SELF SUFFICIENCY’ captures very eloquently what we seek to achieve. Vision thus envisaged will not just address the deficit of table fish; it will also help to resolve several of the unemployment issues that are plaguing the rural areas of the state. The ancillary services that will develop will productivity engage rural people in fisheries sector on sustainable basis. It is however, easier said then done because the problem being faced by the department is multifaceted and it may take years to stream line the working atmosphere of the department and revisit the planning process, policies and strategies before we can fulfil our dream

Stocking of upland/high altitude lakes:
Rich population of indigenous fishes and thriving fishery once exists in a number of high altitude lakes. Most of these resources are in inaccessible areas and remain covered with snow in winter. These resources are exploited for domestic consumption without being replenished thereby reducing the fish population. If let to remain in this condition without being replenished, these resources in neat future will be devoid of fish population and a disturbed ecology.
It is planned to map these resources located in Tawang, West Kameng, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley &Anjaw district employing GIS technology and massive stocking with endemic and exotic fishes to replenish dwindling fish population and restoring its ecology. On accomplishment of stocking the same in near future could be developed as fishery based eco-tourism in liaison with the Tourism Department.
Distribution of fish seed: 
Fish seed is the critical input in aquaculture which determines productivity or the outcome. Most of the ponds are left un-stocked with fish seed by the farmers because of not getting the same at right season and time. Since seed is not readily available locally, farmers find it difficult to manage it from outside because of high transportation cost, uncertainty in terms of breed and quality. Further weak financial condition and is the reason for leaving their pond without stocking fish seed thus making it unproductive. In most places the farmers are forced to depend on handiwallas for their requirement of stocking. Taking this advantage the farmers are exploited by these handiwallas, supplying with inferior quality seed leading to negative growth and reduce production. To assure the farmers about uninterrupted supply and availability of quality seed, the scheme is being implemented throughout the state continuously for the past four years. Feedback from the ground level indicates its popularity and impact on production and productivity. Seeing its popularity/success and impact at farmer’s level it is proposed to continue the scheme and distribute 400 million of fish seed by 2030.
Development of cold Water Fisheries:
Most of the aquatic resources are in the sub tropical and alpine zone covering almost 90% of the state’s total area where maximum fish diversity is found and classified as cold water fisheries resources. Importance of cold water fisheries as a potential source of sustained income coupled with tourism and recreational activities could not be ignored. Literally speaking this sector of fishery is still in infancy and requires tremendous effort, monetary support and participation of people. Owing to micro climatic conditions coupled with thermal variables, the production from upland region is still very low. This discourages the farmers to come forward and adopt aquaculture as one of the profession. However the scenario has slightly changed and several farmers have started culture of exotic carp and touts along with culture of indigenous fishes especially Mahseers and snow trouts. Though efforts have been initiated for the development and popularization of fishery in this region still there is a lot to be done. All out effort will be made to develop hill aquaculture which will include horizontal and vertical expansion of fish culture activities, integrated aquaculture, stock diversification, implementation of sustainable production enhancement measures in lakes, reservoirs, introduction of zone specific culture technology for judicious exploitation of these resources. Improvement and development of infrastructure with massive investment from centre and state Government, capacity building of stakeholders, promotion of sport fishery and fishery based ec0-tourism will be taken up on priority. Setting up of a cold water fisheries research station of DCFR (ICAR), Bhimtal facilitating research on indigenous fish species, standardization and documentation of breeding and culture protocol of indigenous fishes having food, sport and ornamental value will also be explored.
Ornamental Fisheries:
Collection, propagation and marketing of ornamental fishes are potential venture. This industry is growing up with rising domestic and external demand. In aquaculture sector the ornamental fish breeding and trade provides excellent opportunities as a non food fishing activity for employment and income generation. It is totally environment friendly and involves low investment with short gestation period. It could be adopted as a small scale backyard enterprise either on full time or part time basis and it ensures high return. State’s open water resources and repository of ornamental fishes. Though the culture is yet to establish but the trade is being carried out illegally by collection from the wild sources. The breeding and rearing of ornamental fish doesn’t require much space and can be undertaken even in small area as backyard activity. This home based enterprise is highly suitable for women and their economic empowerment. The focus in this area would be on development of technical and entrepreneurial skill among women and unemployed youth to take ornamental fish culture on a business mode encompassing supplementary activities such as manufacturing of Aquaria, Packaging and marketing of aquarium fish and aquarium accessories and providing periodical maintenance services to aquarists.
Aquarium manufacturing will also be encouraged through which employment opportunities can be generated where some unemployed youth,Women in a limited scale can start manufacturing. Apart from financial assistance theBreeders/rearers, retail center cum aquarium manufactures will also trained. For Financial,Technical and marketing support MPEDA & CIFA will be approached. It is proposed to Establish 10 ornamental fish breeding units/farms, 100 rearing units & 50 aquariums Manufacturing units by 2030.
Fish Seed rearing Centre:
The state being land a locked one with sparse distribution of aquatic resources, transporting fish seed to such location becomes difficult owing to disruption of communication network due to natural calamities and heavy transportation cost depriving the farmers from this basic input. Being seasonal fish seed has to be stocked within the extended period of its availability; otherwise the ponds remain unproductive effecting production and productivity. Fish seed availability is a major problem being faced by the farmers and non availability in time and on demand exaggerates the problem even further. This is comparatively a new concept and 5 such centers on trial basis were implemented during 2014-15 covering 5 districts. Though its benefit is yet to be evaluated but its impact on easy availability of fish seed is certain. For the benefit of fish farmers it is therefore proposed to establish at least one centre in each administrative circle in private sector subject to availability of potential area or where there is high concentration of fish ponds and fishery activities. It is a profitable venture and will ensure sustained income and generate employment. In all together it is proposed to develop 100 such centre with minimum of 1.0 ha area covering all administrative circles of the state.
Fish based eco-tourism:
Eco-tourism is a sustainable form of resource utilization which in turn helps conservation while providing sustained income. Considering its advantage over traditional farming optimum multiple uses of the resources on sustainable basis must be thought of and encouraged. Fishery based eco-tourism is emerging as one of the area for the educated unemployed youth and farmer to develop entrepreneurship/self-employment and also results in ancillary activities which generates employment. Fish farm of progressive fish farmers can be converted into multi-dimensional venture with beautification of the landscape, addition of recreational infrastructures and angling facilities beside routine annual production of fish and fish seed. One time small scale little earning farm can be transformed to an enterprise with round the year livelihood earning for the owner. As an experimental point of view five units were development in five different districts by converting the fish farm of the progressive fish farmer by developing required infrastructures. With encouraging results there is further scope to encourage such enterprise in other parts of the state. Therefore it is proposed to develop 30 more such enterprise in the coming 15 years. These facilities in near future can also be developed/transformed into indigenous fish breeding, rearing and propagation centre.
Development of model fish farm:
“ Seeing is believing”. For augmenting fishery and aquaculture in the state a demonstration farm with all facilities and backup infrastructure is of paramount importance. In spite of huge potential in terms of resources the people are still reluctant to take up aquaculture.
Apprehending loss and non- performing in successive years and also due to lack of demonstrative impact of aquaculture in terms of economic viability and return. To start with during 2014-15 five nos. of Govt. Farms in 5 different districts were identified and assisted for developing into model farms and efforts are under way to develop at least 2 fish farms under Govt. Sector in each district and another 40 in private sector in the coming 15 years to popularize aquaculture.
Diversification of Aquaculture practices:
Diversification of Aquaculture is important to make this industry vibrant and ever growing. Aquaculture practiced in the state is carp centric and semi intensive type. New candidate species having high rate of production and market potential needs to be tried/ encouraged. Further endemic species, can also be reared along with other species. However, need of the hour is to go in for crop diversification and integrated form of culture practices in the interest of production enhancement of farmed fishes, reduction in overhead expenditure, double crop production from the same unit area, economic stability of the farmer and above all to maintain sustainability in Aquaculture production and productivity. Diversification for the past few years is being encouraged by the department in the form of fish livestock farming, paddy cum fish culture, poly culture, magur and prawn culture beside encouraging culture of Mahseer, Schizothorax and other indigenous minor carp along with IMC and Exotic Carp. Outcome of this endeavor is encouraging. To popularize diversification further, it is proposed to implement following integration practices over a period of 15 years: 1. Polyculture -500 ha 2. Fish –live stock farming a) Pig cum fish culture -1000 ha b) Duck cum fish culture -300 ha c) Poultry cum fish culture -300 ha 3. Fresh water prawn culture (M. Rosembergii) -200 ha 4. Indigenous magur Culture (Clariasbatrachus) -200 ha 5. Promotion of indigenous fish culture (Mahseer, Schizothorax, minor carps) -200 ha Reservoir Fisheries:
There are many water storage tanks/reservoirs in the state for generating electricity in the form of micro & mini Hydro Electric Projects (HEP) and many big reservoirs with large water bodies are in their various stages of execution while many more are in the pipeline. As and when these reservoirs are impounded large water bodies will be created. In near future these resources will become the nuclei of all sorts of fisheries activities and one of the prime fish producing resources of the state. Though culture technique in such water bodies is available further refinement of these technology/technique suiting social custom and in consonant with local agro-climatic condition will be evolved for optimum utilization and judicious management of these resources. It is expected that another 1000-1500 ha area of large water body will come up in the next 15 years in addition to 160 ha area of Ranganadi reservoir presently in operation. All the impounded area in near future will be brought under Pisciculture with technical support from CIFRI Kolkata and DCFR Bhimtal. Possible investment opportunities from other agencies will be explored and channelized for optimum utilization of these resources for enhanced fish production.
Fish Culture in Irrigation Channels/tanks:
Another important resource for aquaculture enhancement in the state can be minor irrigation tanks and channels. With the expansion in permanent cultivation more area are brought under irrigation network by creating minor irrigation projects (MIPS). These facilities can be best utilized for developing running water fish culture (RWFC) with minor alteration and refinement in technology as per local needs for culture of carps & air breaking fishes in these channels/tanks. It is expected to have approximately 800-1000 ha of such resources by 2030. Steps on priority will be initiated for obtaining rights to introduce pisciculture in these resources with appropriate policy decision/intervention.
Creation of facilities for production of quality and cost effective feed:
Lack of quality feed is always a constraint for aquaculture development in the state. At Present except for small quantity which which is available within the state, bulk of the feed requirement is met by importing from neighboring state at a higher cost which also includes transportation and incentive for the supplier/producer. Good wholesome and cost effective feed with efficient FCR is the prime requirement of increasing production and productivity in aquaculture. Presently the fish farmers are relying on a crude mixture of rice bran and Mustard oil cake (MOC) for semi incentive practices, while for sustainable intensification of aquaculture its role is either limited or negligent. Availability of key ingredients in recent years has become scarec putting fish farmers in disadvantageous position. In view of scarcity of ingredients, production of formulated feed has become imperative and popularization of extruded feed based aquaculture among the farmers would help in bringing good management practices in aquaculture. As of now there is no feed mill in the state. The rice bran (RB) and mustard oil cake (MOC) available in some parts of the state which could have been utilized as raw materials for development of formulated feed otherwise remains as waste product. If put into proper use it can revolutionalize aquaculture/fishery in the state. In the interest of enchasing production and productivity it is proposed to establish 4 small feed mills having 1 MT capacity in selected four districts i.e. (East siang, Papumpare, Changlang&Namsai) where there is availability of raw material.
Creation of fish Disease Surveillance and Quarantine facilities:
With increase in aquaculture activities, induction of new species & technologies, anthropogenic activities, pollution, damage to aqua ecology and habitat degradation and climate change disease outbreak are becoming common resulting in considerable loss to fish stock and economic loss to the farmer.
Many a time the situation gets aggravated due to ignorance because of lack of awareness on aquatic animal diseases, subsequent prophylactic management & early containment. The situation even gets worse due to absence of required minimum infrastructure for disease surveillance, early warning of disease outbreak and non existence of proper field level detection mechanism. Further to meet up the demand of fish seed requirement, it is imported from outside which also add to spread of diseases and entry of undesired species which may be detrimental to existence of native fish population. Requirement of setting up of quarantine facilities, regular surveillance, epidemiological investigation, network of early warning facilities, disease diagnostic laboratories will be taken up to avert any incidence and protection of our native species from being extinct. It is therefore needed to establish quarantine facilities in all entry points to district and a mini Disease Diagnostic laboratory in all districts headquarter/farms. 20 Nos. of mini DDL & 10 Nos. round the clock surveillance centre with quarantine facilities is proposed to be established over a period of 15 years. Initially District with high concentration of aquaculture activities will be covered followed by other district in a phased manner.
Development of aquaculture hub:
This is probably a new concept in fisheries history of the state. Since past few decades the aquaculture/fishery has grown many folds with assistance from centre and state. Production and productivity also increased but more effort is still needed to bring it at par with the production level of other state. Since the fisheries resources are scattered over a vast area, concentrated effort for its development and optimum utilization could not be given resulting in under utilization of resources. Foot hill districts of the state have the potential to become aquaculture/fishery hub provided strategy for holistic and concentrated development approach is adopted. All out effort will be made to develop 8 (eight) districts of the state namely Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, East Siang, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Namsai, Changlang and Longding into Aquaculture districts and 1 (one) village in each block of the state as aquaculture village by 2030. Once transformed it will become inspirational to others and its success will be extended/replicated to other village/district.
Development of seed production facilities:
Fishing activities have gone up in the state with accelerating aquaculture/fishery development and opening up of this sector as a means of social-economic development of rural population. Seed is prime requirement for aquaculture and other culture based capture fishery. The state so far is deficit in seed production and bulk quantities are imported from outside to fulfill the demand for stocking of farmers pond and other enhancement. Seed imported from other state somewhere are poor bred affecting growth and productivity. In pursuit of accelerating fishery/Aquaculture development in the state and fish seed being one of the critical inputs, number of fish farms in government sector has been established. Few of the farms were even equipped with seed production infrastructure. Some progressive fish farmers were also encouraged to undertake breeding and rearing of fish seed so that it is easily accessible to fish farmers. Infrastructures developed in Government farms are now obsolete or outdated. Conventional breeding is being carried out in most of the Government and beneficiary’s farm but is still far from meeting even the minimum requirement. As on date 7 no. of eco-hatcheries and 9 portable FRP carp hatcheries were installed in Government and private sector respectively. With expansion of area under fish cultivation and demand for fish seed has also increased proportionately which cannot be fulfilled from internal production alone, thus creating a huge gap between demand and supply. This unbalanced seed production does not auger well for the sector. Quality seed production and year round availability locally is the basic requirement for development of fishery & aquaculture in the state. At present 4.5 million seed is produced internally against the requirement of approximately 20 million. By the end of 2030 the fish seed requirement for stocking of pond and tanks, reservoir and other enhancement will go up by many times of present requirement while production is expected to be around 84 million. To manage/reduce the gap between demand and supply by 2030 to at least minimum, series of initiative will be taken. First being modernization of departmental fish farms on priority with creation of facilities for seed production, up gradation/remodeling of existing hatcheries, complete over hauling of existing facilities, development of brood stock and creation of district and state level brood bank. Incentive will be provided to individual progressive fish farmer and will be encouraged to install eco-hatcheries and portable FRP carp hatcheries. Financial institutions will be approached / pursued to finance such projects so as to achieve the goal of self sufficiency in seed production by 2030. Over a period of 15 years it is proposed to install 10 (ten) no. of eco hatcheries, 20 (twenty) FRP carp hatcheries, 20 (twenty) district level and 1 (one) state level brood bank facilities in a phased manner in fisheries potential District of the state by involving progressive fish farmers.
Establishment of post harvest and marketing infrastructures:
presently there is no facility for handling, storing and marketing of fishes. Fish being highly perishable item cannot be stored without proper facilities for a longer period once taken out of the pond. In absence of such facilities farmers are reluctant to market their produce in bulk quantities fearing spoilage, rather prefers marketing small quantities averting risk of overnight storing. Moreover there is not even proper fish landing centre. At present there are no regulated fish market or retail outlets in the state. Fish is being marketed in a most deplorable and unhygienic atmosphere in way side markets. It is a common sight that fish is sold through street markets and often on foot path. Though domestic market holds huge potential still they remain highly unorganized and unregulated. Most of the markets even lack in basic infrastructures like adequate clean water supply, proper drainage and disposal system, hygienic fish trading and cutting platforms, storage facilities cold chains, chilling plants, ice plants etc.
There is urgent need to upgrade and modernize and existing fish markets, construction of new ones in pre-identified areas where there is high consumption and bulk trading of fishes. There is also a need to develop infrastructure facilities at fish landing centre along fish modals. Establishing cold chain will minimize post harvest losses, and will encourage fish farmers to opt for bulk marketing. Marketing infrastructures and cold chain will open new vistas though processing and value addition. Efforts to increase fisheries productivity needs to be complemented by fish consumption. Chain of modern hygienic fish kiosk and dish vending with motorcycle mounted insulated box in most of the district and sub-divisional town is an emerging opportunity for educated unemployed youth and upcoming young entrepreneurs. This potential will be fully exploited in the interest of fish farmers and consumers. It is proposed to develop following infrastructures with financial support from NFDB or other central agencies in the coming 15 years:-

• Regulated modern hygienic retail fish market As per feasibility in eight potential districts in a Phased manner – 10 Nos.
• Fish landing and assimilation center – 4 Nos.
• Cold chain with ice plats – 3 Nos.
• Modern Hygienic fish kiosks – 3 Nos.
• Motorcycle mounted insulated box for fish vending- 100 Nos.

 

 

Arunachal Pradesh, the largest mountainous state of India, is situated in the northeastern part of the Himalayan region and characterized by high annual rainfall, forest vegetation and diversity in soils. Information on the soils of the state is essential for scientific land use planning and sustainable production. Physiographically, Arunachal Pradesh can be divided into four distinct zones:

• snow-capped mountains (5500 m amsl);
• lower Himalayan ranges (3500 m amsl);
• the sub-Himalayan Siwalik hills (700 m amsl); and
• the eastern Assam plains.

In vast varied terrain with numerous rivers it is difficult to provide any generalization about the type of soils. However, considering the sand stone rocks the granite and geneiss formation interspersed with calcareous limestone and slate and other minerals tempered largely by swift flowing hilly rivers the broad group could possibly be

(i) Soils of the hills,

(2) Soils in the valleys and mid hills and

(3) soils in the foot –hills.

(4) Podzols

(5) Forest Soil

Soils of the hills

This soil type is found in high altitude meadows found near the snowline in all parts of the higher and trans Himalayas. Negligible rainfall occurs in these areas and the main form of precipitation is snow. The soil found here is very thin and fragile. Since the texture of the soil is very coarse with high gravel content, they are prone to displacement due to slides and avalanches. These soils are dark in colour and have a high content of humus.

 

 

Soils in the valleys and mid hills

It is a collective name given to a number of soil types occurring at very high altitude areas under sub-tropical and temperate conditions under a wide variety of forests. These soils have been termed as dabar soils in some parts of Garhwal-Kumaon. Mountain and hill soils are very thin, fertile and may be less than a centimeter deep on steep slopes. These may occur at elevations above 2750 m in the western Himalayas, over 2500 m in Nepal and over 2400 m in the eastern Himalayas. These soils are mixed with pebbles and gravel in many regions. The texture varies from sandy to sandy loam. The soil reaction varies from acidic to neutral and the organic matter content of these soils ranges from 1 to 5 percent.

Soils in the foot-hills

This type of soil is found in the sub-mountain and foothill tracts of the Himalayas ranging from the western regions in Jammu and Kashmir to the eastern most stretches in Arunachal Pradesh. This soil has a high content of organic matter and nitrogenous compounds, but lacks phosphate compounds. The soil is also found in the foothills of Darjeeling, where it has been transported by hilly rivers and streams at altitudes as high as 1500 m. Here, this soil is acidic and poor in plant nutrients and is made up of sandy material and raw humus.

Podzols

They are a class of infertile acidic soils that develop under coniferous forests in humid temperate conditions, where the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate of evaporation. A continuous percolation of water causes leaching of minerals like iron and alumina from upper layers, resulting in the formation of a grey bleached zone on the upper surface. This makes the layer look like ash, giving the underlying soil its name: podzol (pod=under, zola=ash in Russian). The lack of nutrients and acidic nature of podzols make them poor agricultural soils. The percolated minerals often form an impermeable layer at the lower end of the soil profile, which restricts water drainage. These soils occur in high altitude areas near snowline areas.

 

 

Forest soil

This soil type is formed either under conditions of high acidic content (where there is acidic humus) or under mildly acidic conditions. The top soil of the soil profile is very rich in humic matter formed by twigs, bark, leaves and needles. An important variety of forest soil is brown forest soil, which occurs under dense deciduous forests. Organic debris from the dense canopy contributes to the topsoil in the form of a thick layer of humus. This soil can be classified into mildly acidic with high base content and acidic with low base content.

 

 

 

 

 

MAJOR INDUSTRIES

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Arunachal Pradesh. Most of the state Land is covered with dense and rich forest. So the forest product and industries based on forest products are the life line in the state and provides income and employment to large scale of people. Most of the industries in the state are based on forest products such as Timber, Veneer and Plywood. Apart from forests based industries there are industries in tea, cement, petrochemical areas as listed below:

 

1.	Tirap Veneer & Saw Mills Ltd.	Miao, Dist. Changlang
2.	Bizari Veneer & Saw Mills Ltd.	Vizari, Dambuk Dist. Dibang Valley
3.	Arunachal Saw & Veneer Mills.	Jairampur, Dist. Changlang
4.	Guna Saw & Veneer Mill.	Chowkham, DistLohit
5.	Arunachal Plywood Industries.	Namsari, Dist. Lohit
6.	Dibang Valley Timber Trade Ltd.	Bolung, DistDibang
7.	Jenney Plywood Industries Ltd.	Bogapani, DistTirap
8.	Node Timber CompanyVeneer.	P.O Deomali
9.	Banderdewa Saw Mills and Plywood.
10.	Narottam Co-operative Industries.	Deomali Dist. Tirap
11.	Arunachal wood based & Chemical Industries (p) Ltd.	Roing, Dist. Dibang Valley
12.	Arunachal Forest Products (p) Ltd.	Kharsang, Miao, DistChanglang.
13.	Nampong Plywood Ltd.	Nampong, Miao, DistChanglang
Other Industries
14.	Parsuram Cement Ltd.	Tezu, DistLohit Cement Industry
15.	Arunachal Horticulture Processing Industries Ltd.	Jam, Jelly & Squash Industry
16.	Donl Polo Petro Chemicals Ltd.	West Kameng Petro Chemical Industry
17.	Slang Tea Industries (p) Ltd.	Oyan, Pashighat Dist. East Siang Tea Industry

 

 

 

 

ART AND CRAFTS INDUSTRY

• WEAVING INDUSTRIES
• CANE AND BAMBOO INDUSTRY
• CARPET INDUSTRY
• WOOD CARVING INDUSTRY
• ORNAMENETS INDUSTRY
• OTEHR CRAFT INDUSTRY – paper making, smithy work, carpentry, pottery and ivory work are other crafts practiced by the people
• TOURISM INDUSTRY

 

Industrial Scenario of Arunachal

Gifted with hilly terrain covered with thick tropical and alpine forests, perennial rivers and wild flora and fauna, Arunachal is yet to tap its natural resources to its full potential for economic growth.

Languishing in industrial and social backwardness, the people look upon both the state and central governments to lift them from their rudimentary lifestyle to get in sync with modern life like that of their counterparts in Assam and rest of India.

Facing the existential threat from China, which claims the entire state as South Tibet, the Centre has taken up on a fast track basis the development of road and other connectivity projects across the 19 districts whose remote towns and villages are yet to be discovered by the rest of the world.

Here are some of the prospects Arunachal offers in terms of win-win situation for all stakeholders in the industrial space:

1. India’s pent-up demand for electricity could be addressed by the state’s potential of 60,000 MW hydropower capacity.
   Currently, several hydro power projects are allocated to privatesector players with capacity aggregating 41,702 MW.
2. The 21 km Harmuti (Assam) to Naharlagun road route becameoperational in April 2014; this has connected the state to the rest of India and provided huge trade and transport opportunities.
3. Arunachal is home to 601 species of orchids or 52 per cent of the species of orchids known in India, indicating a huge potential for attracting visitors especially foreign tourists.
4. The state’s textile industry, including carpet making, enjoysa huge appeal. The Arunachal carpets have received national and international fame for their creativity, design andquality.
5. Arunachal with an area of 83,743 sq. km is the largest state in the Northeast of India.

Its diverse topography offers opportunities for non-timber based industries such as bamboo, cane and medicinal plants.

Huge untapped power potential

• Hydropower capacity:97.57 MW (2013-14); 100+ projects in the pipeline with a generation capacity of 47,000 MW.
• The hilly terrain and abundant rivers make the state a potential powerhouse of the northeast.
• The state’s hydropower potential is currently estimated at 60,000 MW, or approximately 25 per cent of India’s current power generating capacity.
• The central government has allocated 35,000 MW of hydroelectric projects to developers in the state.

Gateway to Southeast Asia

• The state’s location provides opportunities for international trade with Asian countries such as Myanmar, Bhutan and China.
• Textiles and handicrafts from the state are in demand in neighbouring countries.
• Recently, the state received approval for the first border trade along the Indo-Myanmar border.

Policy and fiscal incentives

• The state and central governments offer huge fiscal and policy incentives for the development of important sectors.
• The State Industrial Policy 2008 and Agriculture Policy 2001 support big push to economic activities.
• The central government’s North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP) 2007 promotes investment.
• Ministry of Power has offered assistance to Arunachal Pradesh for fast-tracking 13 projects with 13,600 MW of capacity.

Sectoral contribution

At current prices, the gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Arunachal was US$ 2.2 billion in 2013-14.

The GSDP increased at a CAGR of 16.1% from 2004-05 to 2013-14.

In 2013-14, the state’s per capita income at current prices was US$ 1,511.1 compared to US$ 649.7 in 2004-05.

The per capita income had risen at a CAGR of 13.5% between 2004-05 and 2013-14.

The primary and tertiary sectors continue to dominate thecomposition of GSDP of Arunachal Pradesh.

In 2013-14, the primary sector contributed 43.1% to the state’sGSDP at current prices, followed by the tertiary sector (30.9%) and the secondary sector (26%).

At a CAGR of 18%, the primary sector has been the fastest growing sector among the three sectors from 2004-05 to 2013-14.

The growth was driven by agriculture,forestry and logging.

The tertiary sector expanded at a CAGR of 15.3% between 2004-05 and 2013-14.

The growth has been driven by trade, hotels, real estate, banking, insurance, transport,communications and other services.

The state’s economy is mainly agrarian based on theterraced farming of rice and the cultivation of crops such asmaize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, oilseeds,cereals, potato, and pineapple.

Foreign investment flow

According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), cumulative FDI inflows from April 2000 toJanuary 2015 amounted to US$ 80 million.

In 2013-14, outstanding investments in the state were US$52.8 billion.

The biggest chunk of investment has been in electricitygeneration.

Of the total outstanding investments in 2013-14, the electricity sector accounted for around 93.8%, followed by the services sector (5.9%).

The central government has invested heavily in the hydro electricpower generation projects in Arunachal Pradesh.

 

 

 

New Industrial Policy of Arunachal Pradesh 2001

PART-I New Industrial Policy of Arunachal Pradesh 2001 Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state among the North Eastern States, having an area of 83743 Sq Km, with a population pf just above 1 million. Through it has successfully launched various socio-economic development programmes and though the literacy rate has also been rising, industrial activity is insignificant. Hence, the need for a well-defined Industrial policy. This policy resolution is the second of its kind and will be known as “The New Industrial Policy of Arunachal Pradesh 2001”.

 

 

PART-I New Industrial Policy of Arunachal Pradesh 2001 Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state among the North Eastern States, having an area of 83743 Sq Km, with a population pf just above 1 million. Through it has successfully launched various socio-economic development programmes and though the literacy rate has also been rising, industrial activity is insignificant. Hence, the need for a well-defined Industrial policy. This policy resolution is the second of its kind and will be known as “The New Industrial Policy of Arunachal Pradesh 2001”.

 

 

 

 

PART-II Policy Resolution §  The State Government will encourage the establishment of industrial undertakings in the private and cooperative sectors for the sustainable development of the state. §  Employment opportunities and gainful self-employment in industrial and allied sectors for the local populations of Arunachal Pradesh will be given priority.

Investors from outside the state will be encouraged to invest in the state. Hundred percent equity ownership of an industrial unit by entrepreneurs will be allowed for a maximum period of 30 (thirty) years by the end of which period such equity holding will be reduced to 49 percent, the remaining 51 percent will be held by a local Arunachal Tribal entrepreneur or a group of local tribal entrepreneurs or the state government, if it considers necessary to do so. §  Outside entrepreneurs may be allowed to hold land on lease for a period of 30 years, after which the lease may be renewed for a further period of 30 days. The consideration for the lease may be in the form of annual or lump sum payments or as equity. (The lease may be used as security for loans from financial institutions.) §  Development of all industries will be encouraged. To begin with, the following industries will have priority. §  Industries based on locally available raw materials. §  Textiles (handlooms and power looms) and handicrafts. §  Electronics and knowledge based industries. §  Industries based on non- timber forest produce. §  Infrastructure, such as power and communications. §  Tourism §  Medical services §  Educational services A package of incentives for all eligible industrial units has been devised. The package is contained in Part-V. A programme for the development of infrastructure facilities, inter-alia including the establishment of Industrial Estates, Industrial Growth Centers, Integrated Infrastructure Development Centers, strengthening of existing Industrial Estates, Export Promotion Industrial Parks, Export Promotion Zones, Border trade, will be taken up in a phased manner. Reserves of minerals will be explored and exploited commercially through appropriate agencies. Government will make special efforts for development of local entrepreneurial, managerial and technical skills. For this purpose, special training and educational programmes, including women, will be put on a sound economic and commercial footing and ensure smooth flow of credit for new industrial projects, village industries and rural artisans. The District Industries Centers and financial institutions will work in close cooperation. There will be no licensing requirements for industry save as may be provided by any law or Central Government policy.

 

 

 

 

PART-III Administrative Measures §  State Level Empowered Committee : A State Level Industrial Empowered Committee comprising of the concerned Secretaries and representatives from banking and financial Institutions will be formed to grant the requisite clearances and facilitate the establishment of industries from a single window. This Empowered Committee will be headed by the Minister of Industries and will meet as often as necessary. §   Strengthening of District Centers :  The Government will strengthen the DICs with adequate and basic facilities. Each DIC will have an Udyog Sahayak Cell to guide entrepreneurs in the setting up of project report and arrangement of finance for the projects. There will also be a women’s cell in each DIC to give special attention to the women entrepreneurs. A data bank will also be created in each DIC for the benefit of the entrepreneurs. The District Level Industrial Advisory Boards will be reconstituted for monitoring the working of the District Industries Centers. §  Rural Non-Farm Sector :  NABARD has identified 10 sectors for development, which include sectors like Agriculture, Fish rearing and processing, Rural Retail Trade, Sericulture & Silk Textile Fiber products, Construction, Small plantation products, Handloom, Handicrafts products in cane & Bamboo and wood. These activities are to be developed for creation of additional employment in the rural areas. All relevant Departments will be associated in the implementation of these schemes. §   Industrial Sickness :  A package for the revival of sick industries in the SSI and Tiny sector will be devised by the Industries Department. §  Public Sector Policy :  The State Government will gradually vacate economic space for the private and cooperative sectors and the public and state sectors will be economic players only where absolutely necessary. §   Women Entrepreneurs :  To generate employment among women and to encourage women entrepreneurs, the Government will reserve 33 percent of industrial sheds, development plots in Industrial Area / Estate / Growth Centre etc for women. §   Registration of SSI Units :  In order to speed up the SSI Registration process, the JDI / DDI / ADI will be empowered to register  the SSI units. A single window service cell will be set up for assisting entrepreneurs to get all required technical project or activity in the district. Units fulfilling all formalities of registration will be given provisional or permanent registration by the District Industries Centres / Directorate of Industries immediately.

 

 

 

 

PART-IV     Date of effect, definition and eligibility criteria. Date of Effect : The New Industrial policy of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh will come into effect from the date of notification of this policy. Eligibility   : New registered units set up after the date of the notification of the policy, or which started production after 1 April 2000 and existing registered units, which have undertaken expansion, modernization or diversification, or which have not completed five years of production as on 1 April 2000 will  be eligible for the package of incentives. All units must be registered . Existing units that have not completed five years of commercial production as on 01.04.2001 are also eligible for the incentives scheme.

            Important facts about Arunachal Pradesh

Area and Population	1. Area                           83,743 Sq.Km.
	2. Population                1,091,117(2001 Census)
Administrative Set-Up.	1. District
	2. Sub-Division               36
	3. Circle                       149
Industry	1.     Medium Industries                                         17
	2.     Small Scale Industries                                    2526
	3.     District Industries Centre/Sub- DIC                13
	4.     Craft Centre/Weaving/Knitting Centre        76
	5.      Sericulture Demonstration Centre                25
	6.     Govt. Emporia                                              17
Power Availability	1.     Hydro                                     39.52 MW
Communication	Telephone, STD, ISD, Telex & fax facilities available. Helicopter service is available form Guwahati to Itanagar Capital Complex from Itanagar to Pasighat, Roing, Mohanbari, Dambuk, Namsai, Tezu, Tyingkiong, Memo, Khonsa, Ziro, and Daporijo.

 

ARUNACHAL PRADESH INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT  AND FINANCIAL CORPORATION (APIDFC) Introduction : Arunachal Pradesh Industrial Development and Financial Corporation Ltd. (APIDFC) was incorporated in the Year 1978 as a fully owned company of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh under the Companies Act, 1956 for promotion of industries in the State. It is performing the twin role of State Industrial Development Corporation and State Financial Corporation. Functions and Objectives : Development of Infrastructure facilities. Promotion of industries. Extending financial assistance to the prospective entrepreneurs. Development of Infrastructure Facilities : One of the main objectives of setting up of APIDFC is to develop infrastructure facilites for promotion of industrial development in the State. However, APIDFC could not take up the activities due to the fact that the State Department of Industries is handling all infrastructure development activities like establishment of industrial estate/growth centre, export promotion industrial park and integrated infrastructure development centres. The State Govt. has been requested to hand over all such activities to APIDFC as is being done in other SIDCs. Industrial Promotion : Despite being rich in natural resources and even after the implementation of various development programmes in the state during the five year plans, the level of economic development in Arunachal Pradesh continues to be very low compared with most of the other states of the country. The major factors that have impeded the industrial development in the state are : Late start to the process of industrialisation in the region has led to slow growth of entrepreneurial and industrial culture. Near absence of domestic/local manufacture of capital equipment/capital goods industries which necessitates transportation of machinery at higher costs. Lower productivity of labour and higher wage rate. Absence of technical and business information. Necessity of maintaining large inventory due to remoteness of the region. Limited and dispersed market for goods within the region coupled with higher cost of marketing outside the region. Increasing threat from national competitors using modern technology, larger units and better distribution network resulting in saturation of accessible markets. Lack of inflow of investible funds from outside the state. A study of the resource availability scenario, climatic conditions and environmental opportunities indicates the following thrust area for industrial development : Agro and horticulture-based units. Mining and mineral-based units. Plantation Crop based units. Cottage industry product unit. Adventure tourism. Inspite of all the inherent bottlenecks and constraints for industrial development in the state, APIDFC promoted a wide spectrum of projects covering various industrial and service sectors like weaving and knitting, saw mill, plywood manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, hotels, transport etc. FINANCIAL OPERATIONS : Authorised and paid up share capital : The authorised capital of APIDFC is Rs.600 lakhs and the paid-up capital is Rs. 162.50 lakhs as on March 31, 1999. The Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh is holding the entire equity of Rs. 162.50 lakhs. Performance as on March 1999 : At the end of March 1999, APIDFC has sanctioned term loan aggregating Rs.815.44 lakhs to 145 units against which disbursement was made to the tune of Rs.806.83 lakhs to 144 units. The following are the details of the last 5 years : (RS. in lakhs)                 S.NO. YEAR SANCTION DISURSEMENT 1. 1994-95 19.85 33.33 2. 1995-96 40.17 34.51 3. 1996-97 55.92 56.40 4. 1997-98 62.09 66.39 5. 1998-99 22.50 30.30   Recovery of dues : Low recovery and weak capital base of the Corporation have impeded the performance in sanction and disbursement. Rising NPAs have been a matter of concern to the Corporation. To reduce NPAs the Corporation is encouraging one time settlement of dues of the borrowers whose loan accounts have become sticky and remained doubtful for years together. Though some of the sections of the SFCs Act, 1951 have been made applicable in respect of the Corporation to effect recovery, application of the sections has not yielded the desired result due to lack of a suitable buyer. Details of the recovery performance of the Corporation in the last five years are as under : (Rs. in lakhs)  PRINCIPAL INTEREST YEAR DEMAND RECOVERY DEMAND RECOVERY 1994-95 212.05 52.33 62.99 32.73 1995-96 255.83 96.00 207.33 44.39 1996-97 230.85 44.24 221.64 20.78 1997-98 252.12 14.36 281.77 13.52 1998-99 301.96 16.79 342.00 51.30   Subsidiaries : APIDFC has two subsidiary companies viz. Parasuram Cement Ltd., a 30 TPD Cement project at Tezu, Lohit District and Arunachal Horticultural Processing Industries Ltd,.a 5 TPD fruit processing project at Nigmoi, Along, West Siang. The commercial operations of both the companies have been suspended due to continuous loss incurred by these companies. Agency activity :     The State Government has appointed APIDFC as channelising agency to implement the various schemes of assistance of National Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation Limited, a Govt. of India undertaking and an apex financial institution for financing facilitating and promoting the economic development activities of STs of the state. As on March 1999, the Corporation has sanctioned term loan aggregating Rs.83.28 lakhs to 52 beneficiaries and disbursed Rs.68.97 lakhs to 49 beneficiaries under the different schemes of assistance. Restructuring :     The major factors that have had an adverse effect on the financial performance of the Corporation have been its weak equity base and huge interest burden on Govt. loan. Against its authorised share capital of Rs.6 crore, its paid up share capital as on March 1999 is Rs.162.50 lakhs whereas the Corporation is burdened with interest of Rs. 649.46 lakhs on Govt. loan of Rs.7.13 crores. In the year 1997, the Corporation utilised the services of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) to carry out a study on both operational and financial review and redesign of the Corporation so as to improve its performance. Accordingly TCS prepared a detailed Corporate Restructuring Report. The report is already with the Govt. for consideration. The state government has also constituted a high level committee in this regard. Joint Venture Project :  The Corporation has promoted a joint venture hotel project at Itanagar with Indian Tourism Development Corporation under the name of Donyi Polo Ashok Hotel Corporation Limited. Incentives for industries : The following incentives are available in the state : CENTRAL SUBSIDIES : Transport subsidy @ 90% transportation cost of raw-materials/finished goods between Siliguri and site of the Project. Also 50% subsidy of transportation cost of finished goods from one state to another in the NE Region. All incentives under the New Industrial Policy for the NE Region. STATE SUBSIDIES :   Land is allotted on a 40 years’ lease basis. The allotments of built-up factory sheds in the industrial estate on concessional rate for three years. Subsidised training fee of Rs.5000/- per head provided the trainees are employed by the industrial unit. Capital subsidy at 15% in case of tiny and SSI units. Capital subsidy at 7.5% to medium and large scale units subject to maximum of Rs.12 lakhs. Subsidy of 50% of the cost of technical know-how obtained by SSI and tiny Industries from reputed research and development organisation subject to Maximum of Rs.50,000/-. 4% subsidy in interest charged by Financial Institution on term loan for a period of 5 years. All the incentives for rehabilitation of sick industrial units. 50% subsidy towards cost of diesel generating set upto a maximum of Rs.50,000. Subsidy equivalent to the power consumed on the actual manufacturing process for a period of 3 years to all industries except plywood and medium/large scale industrial units. 50% of the cost but not exceeding Rs. 25,000/- of feasibility study and preparation of project report provided the study/report is conducted/prepared with prior approval and by an approved consutlant. 25% subsidy on the purchase of testing equipments and fees of the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS), both for registration and the annual fee for a period of 5 years from the date of production. Price preference on the produce of local industries purchased by the government, semi government and autonomous organisations at the following rates :- @ 7.5% to Co-operative venture and large and medium industries. @ 15% to the SSI units. @ 17% to cottage/tiny sectors, security/earnest money deposits are also exempted for registered SSI Units.

 

 

 

 

Arunachal Pradesh being a land of Undulating topography and varied agro-climatic conditions offer vast potential for the development of Horticulture for growing varieties of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits, vegetable including off season vegetables), spices, aromatic and medicinal plants flowers and mushroom. The fruits being perennial in nature help in checking soil erosion and provide high density green cover to the soil.

Horticulture is the backbone and future of rural economy.  The practice of shifting cultivation has various adverse effect on ecology and poses silting problems in the plains as millions of tonnes of soil is eroded and washed down through rain water depleting the nutrient status of soils of the hills every year. To check the erosion it is essential to cover such area by perennial and other suitable crops of economic importance so that rural people may get employment and generate income through such ventures.

Horticulture Zones

• Foothills and Valleys ( 170-915 Mtr. Altitudes)– potential area in hectares is 145000 hectares. Crops cultivated are Citrus, Guava, Banana, Mango. Litchi, Pine apple, Sapota, Jackfruit, Papaya, Plum, Pear, etc. seasonal vegetables.

 

• Mid Hills (915-1803 Mtr)- potential area in hectares is 140,000 hectares. Crops cultivated are Apples, Plum, Apricot, Pear, Almond, Low Chilling apple, Pomegranate, Olive, Grapes, etc. seasonal vegetables for seed, and truck gardening.

 

 

• High Hills (above 1830 Mtr.)- Potential area in hectares is 145000 hectares. Crops cultivated are Apples, Cherry, Walnut, Chestnu, Peanut, Pomegranate, etc. off season vegetables and production of temperate vegetable seeds.

 

• Rain shawow area below 40” annual rainfall (with wide range of chilling requirement and temperature)- potential area in hectares is 31000 hectares. Crops cultivated are Apple, Pear, Plum, Preach, Apricot, Almond, Walnut, Pomegranate, etc. off season vegetables.

 

Horticulture – purpose it can serve

• To provide better nutrition to people through fruits, vegetables for their own consumption and sale for cash income.
• To support inducted population through perishable commodities for administrative centres, model village institutions, defence and para military installations.
• To provide additional income to small and marginal farmers through vegetables and quick growing fruits like Banana, Papaya, Guava, Lime etc.
• To select existing indigenous material for seedling root stock, use and trails.
• To replace abandoned Jhums by suitable fruit trees & plantation cover.
• To provide increasing rate of tree cover and improve ecology and environment.
• To provide better water retention capacity and perennial water sources in tree plantation areas.
• To eliminate destruction of biomass under the wasteful practice of slash burn (Jhum).
• To explore possibilities and develop projects for import substitution and export development production.

What needs to be done

• ensure quality planting material of Horticulture crops.
• Reduction in losses through the development of suitable infrastructure and creation of awareness.
• Establishment of market system having forward and backward linkage.
• Development of quality plants and seeds.
• Development of quality testing laboratory.
• Skillful and efficient transfer of technology.
• Application of information technology in Horticulture.
• Ensure credit support and risk management.

 

Various Schemes for Development of  Horticulture

• Control of shifting cultivation.
• Maintenance of Farm of Nurseries.
• Kitchen gardening and Floriculture.
• Horticulture Fair & Exhibition.
• Mushroom Development Programme.
• Fruit Preservation.
• Kiwi Cultivation.

Technology mission for the integrated development of horticulture in Arunachal Pradesh

Owing to diverse agro-climatic condition horticulture has been   identified as main activity for development in the state. Mission mode programme having and to go and approach is vital for achieving desired goal. Accordingly Technology Mission for Integrated Development  of Horticulture was mooted for establish convergence and synergy among numerous ongoing governmental programme in the field of horticulture development to achieve horizontal and vertical integration of these programmes.

 

 

 

Animal husbandry plays a very important role in the day to day socio-economic life of the local tribal population. Rearing of animal is very common among them. The environment also affects the food habits of the people in high cold mountains, making it necessary to have a high fat and protein rich diet. Though hunting is still practiced but it is not done on regular basis to ensure a continuous supply of meat and since meat is an important element in their diet, they rear 193 many animals like cow, pig, goat, duck, hen etc for meat. Apart from supplying meat, these domesticated animals and fowls are also used as offerings during rituals. Pigs, cows, fowls and eggs are extensively used during rituals.

Pigs

Animal husbandry, particularly of pigs, is closely integrated with the agricultural systems . In their society the domesticated pig plays a very important role. It is a domesticated animal and even treated as a pet. Pig has multiple functions for them. Pigs make a major contribution to human diet and symbolic feasts throughout Asia. Pork is extremely important in terms of both nutrition and social value. Pork is always a preferred food and it is a great source of fat and protein. Fat is critically important for proper metabolism and for adequate calories to maintain body temperatures during cold periods.

Pigs contributed the most meat per year followed by cattle and mithuns. Breeding of pig is time consuming but they are of considerable importance both economically and ritually to them. They also consume pigs which are ritually sacrificed. Apart from dietary and ritual importance pig also plays important role in festivals and social transactions.

Pigs are one of the main economic assets reserved for wedding feasts; settling disputes; paying fines for fighting or breaking the law. Because of its fertility, pig plays a prominent part in matrimonial matters. Among them it was customary for the bridegroom’s family to send to the bride’s family gifts of pigs or pig meat. Pigs are also considered as expensive prestige goods therefore it is also used as a medium of exchange as well as it forms an item of community feast.  Pigs are also very productive because of their high reproductive rate, and they are very resistant to disease and produce a large amount of fertilizer for farming . Hence, it is quite efficient and economically reliable to have pigs for the Adi-Galos. In olden days, pig sty was attached with the main house but nowadays pig pens are made separately from the dwelling place of the people but within the same compound.

Chicken and Fowls

In addition to pigs, chicken and fowl are other domesticated animal kept by them. Similarly chickens are also bred and used as sacrificial items on numerous rituals. Fowls and eggs are in regular demand as every ritual needs its sacrifice. These fowls are also fed every morning and evening. For their protection small houses are made with bamboo.

Livestock

A very important animal is a rare species of livestock is the mithun (Bos frontalis). It is a semi-domesticated animal and indigenous to North-East India. The animal has got good potential for production of quality meat, milk and leather. Mithun apart from being an important subsistence source for direct consumption, represent the wealth of a person. Mithuns are used primarily as means of exchange in bride-wealth and other reciprocal transactions. In local mythology, is the first born of the union of earth and sky. Mithun is considered highly important by them for its value and its usefulness.

Mithun  represents wealth and status in Adi-Galo society. It brings prestige and political power to the owner and at the same time it is in great demand for big rituals. There are major big rituals where the sacrifice of mithun is mandatory and without which the ritual is a failure. Unlike cattle and sheep, mithun cannot be herded. They are not kept in the house but left free in the dense forest. But the family can recognize their mithun by any distinguishing mark that they make on the ears or other body parts of the mithun.

All the commodities and materials in Adi-Galo society are valued in terms of mithun. Before any important ritual or marriage ceremony, groups of young men go to the forest looking for mithuns. Searching for mithun in the forest is very tiresome. The group is divided into subgroups and they spread themselves to search for the mithun. There are times when the search goes for even more than a week and the people would remain in the forest until the mithun is found. They would take food along with them as they go out of the house. They would depend on the jungle for their subsistence if required. They would take salt along with them to protect themselves from leeches, which can be very dangerous as the forest is leech infested. The skulls of the mithun sacrificed in any important ritual or marriage are hung on the walls of the house as a social display of wealth as it signifies the wealth and status of the family. Mithuns are cheap to maintain as forest resources for grazing are plentiful. Under such circumstances, the economic efficiency is high, with little maintenance costs. Also, since these animals are strongly territorial they need no special care.

Apart from mithun, they also bred cows but cows are never used for milking. The only purpose of cow is for meat. The entire process of mithun search can be of real importance to understand huntergathering societies, and draw parallels for archaeological interpretations.

 

 

Agriculture is the main source of earning of Arunachal Pradesh. The state gets as much as 500 centimeters of rainfall and this accounts for the large number of rivers and lakes in the region apart from extensive forests which have induced the people to adopt the ‘Jhum’ form of cultivation in which a select area of the forests is burnt and used for cultivation. In the following years the farmers shift to another forest plot which leads to the cultivation being called shifting cultivation. About 53% of the total cultivated area is under Jhum and the rest under permanent cultivation. Due to good rain rice the major crop. Other important crops are maize, millet, wheat, pulses, potato, oil seeds and sugarcane. Ecological conditions of Arunachal Pradesh are congenial for the growth of horticulture. Besides this there are plenty of oranges, guavas, pineapples, lemon, litchi, papaya, and temperature fruits like apple, plum, pear, peach, cherries, walnut, almonds are grown.  Various steps were taken to diversify the agriculture economy by encouraging the cultivation of cash crops like potatoes, and horticulture crops like apple, oranges, guavas, and pineapples, etc. Many important projects such as Regional Seed Foundation Potato Farm at Tawang, Regional Apple Nursery at Dirang, and State Horticulture Farm at Sheragaon were set up with the help of North-Eastern Council to boost agro-horticulture activities. Apart from these Gramsevak Training Centre and farmers Training Centre located at various parts of the state impart training in scientific methods of rural development and agriculture respectively. In this way pre-agricultural level of technology in 1950 is now firmly established in the world of hybrid varieties, genes and biotechnology.

MAIN CROPS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH : Major variants of cereals produced in Arunachal Pradesh are Paddy, maze, millet. The major kinds of fruits produced are almonds, walnuts, papayas, peaches, kiwis, lemons, oranges, pineapple, litchi, banana etc. The major types of vegetables produced in Arunachal Pradesh are Cucumbers, brinjals, pumpkin, sweet potato, ginger, chillies, spices like cardamom, cinnamon and cloves.

 

CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURE IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH

(1 ) Shifting Cultivation ( jhum ) : Shifting cultivation (jhum) is an age-old practice popularly adopted by the hill tribes. In Arunachal pradesh aprrox. 50 % agriculture is under the jhum cultivation . This practice has numerous harmful effects on soil and climate. It ultimately affects crop production and economy of hill people. Moreover, shifting cultivation has other ill effects such as loss of forest cover, loss of wild habitat of many species of plants and animals, loss of bio- diversity, soil erosion, enhanced run-off, depleting ground water resources, siltation of water harvesting structures, drying up o f natural streams, non rainy season, non availability of fuel wood and fodder etc.

(2) Infrastructure : An effective infrastructural facility is necessary for increasing agricultural productivity. For the modernization of agriculture through technological innovations, the most essential components of infrastructure are rural electrification, transport and communication, marketing facility and education. Rural electrification is the most important infrastructure for the development of agriculture. But the progress of rural electrification in Arunachal pradesh has been extremely meager. A bulk of the villages in the hill districts are not connected with electrification.

Agricultural productivity is determined to a great extent by the proximity of a market centre to the farms and cheaper and easier transport. The farm output in a remote place may be abundantly produced. But the surplus output, if it cannot be transported easily to the markets has little value in monetary terms, and therefore, the agriculture of that place is less efficient than that in another place situated near a market centre. In a hilly region like Arunachal pradesh connectivity is a big challenge .

(3) Irrigation : Inadequate irrigation facility is one of the important reasons for low agricultural production in the state of Arunachal pradesh. Though excessive rainfall occasionally causes devastating floods in the state, co-existence of both flood and drought is not rare.

(4) Fertilizers : Irrigation and fertilizers are intimately related. Fertilizers are unusable without assured supply of sufficient water. In the same way, without the use of fertilizers, irrigation remains less effective. The use of HYY seeds also requires application of suitable doses of fertilizers. In fact, irrigation effects all the component elements of agricultural output growth. The hill zone of Assam has a very low level of fertilizer consumption.

(5) Agricultural Credit : As agriculture lies at the mercy of monsoon with uncertainty of production prevailing at all times, and as the bank’s traditional credit principles and rules are different for the illiterate farmers to understand and follow, a psychological barrier exists between the banks and the cultivators.

NEW AGRICULTURE STRATEGY

Top priority to be accorded on increasing farmers income:     The new policy would accord top priority to increasing the incomes of farmer’s. This is necessary in view of the topographic disadvantages, communication bottleneck that hindetrs other income generating activities.  The Policy, therefore, emphasizes all income generating activities like Cash crop, Floriculture, Fruit culture, Fish and Pig rearing, Agro-processing and so on along with all other activities that are considered necessary for the purpose.

Addressing problems related to Shifting Cultivation : Special emphasis to be given on shifting cultivation, ensuring better land management, introducing improved cultivation in slop land through Agro-forestry, Horticulture and encouraging other household activities. The programme is to be designed in such a way that there would be simultaneous thrust in weaning the Jhum farmers towards better cultivation.

In this regard observations of S.P. Shukla Commission Report on “Transforming the Northeast” (march 1997) pertaining to Jhum Farming is worth noting :

“Hill farming in the Northeast is largely under Jhum though there are some excellent terraces in certain states and expanding patches of wet rice cultivation. Jhum farming is becoming less productive with a shrinking Jhum cycle and has caused erosion and forest regression in certain areas. Not all Jhumias resettlement schemes have worked well; nor can jhuming be ended all at one. The problem needs to be tackled sensitively as Jhum cultivation is also a way of life. •   “The ICAR has evolved a three-tier hill farming package combining forestry, Horticulture or tree farming and terraced cultivation as one moves down the hills. Jhum improvement is advocated by others and can be carried further through appropriate R&D. Nagaland has pioneered an excellent method of upgrading Jhum by interposing a strong and increasing component of agro-forestry through assisted tree planting of selected fast growing economic timber, the menu being a producer of meticulous exercise in bio-diversity mapping, documentation and breeding of plant material for Widespread propagation. ”

Location specific strategy development: Efforts would be made to formulate an area specific differentiated strategy taking into account the agronomic, climatic, socio-economic practices as well as the resource worthiness of the farmer. Special emphasis will be made for introducing the newly developed H.Y.V. seeds, improved planting material, adoption of new technology and mechanized farming.

Convergence of allied activities: There would be a shift from the commodity approach to system approach in Agriculture. All the land based activities like that of Agriculture, Sericulture, Live Stocks, Fish rearing etc. would be given a new dimension and synergetic functional assignment. The ultimate objective is to create conditions which would help the farming community to maximize incomes. The policy will aim at avoiding duplication of programmes/works by different functionaries, as far a possible. Towards that end, there will be regular monitoring and evaluation of all schemes implemented by Agriculture and allied Departments through appropriate mechanism.

 

Technology Transfer : Importance will be accorded to identify new location specific and economically viable improved species of Agriculture, Horticulture, Livestock and Fish etc. Accordingly motivational aspect of Agriculture Extension would receive due attention. The entire extension system will be revitalized. Innovative and decentralized institutional change will be introduced to make extension system responsible and accountable. Development of human resources through capacity building and skill upgradation of Extension functionaries will receive due attention.

Supply of Inputs : Adequate and timely supply of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticides, Agri-tools and implements, credit at reasonable rate to farmers will be provided by the Govt. and other institutions, subject to availability of resources and funds. Grater emphasis will be given to increase the consumption of such inputs for acheiving the targetted increase per unit area productivity. As far as possible use of organic manure/compost will be encouraged to avoid ill effects of inorganic fertilizers. Soil health card, quality testing of inputs like fertilizer, chemicals etc, will be introduced and supply of spurious inputs will be checked. On farm management of water, increasing the area under irrigation through the use of surface water and sub-surface water will receive added attention.

 

Facilitate private investment in Agriculture:  Efforts would be made to create conditions that encourages participation of the private enterprises in the establishment of Agro-based industries. An incentive package and guideline would be finalized ensuring participation of private sector & financial institutions in the Agricultural sector as a whole NABARD will have to play a major role in channelising investment . To meet local credit needs of farmers, Rural Credit Banks are to be set up.

 

Peoples participation : The new policy would encourage formation of “Self Help Group” , village committees at different levels . The village committee would be vested with the task of maintaining and managing the assets created so far like irrigation channel, terraces market shed etc.

Marketing infrastructure: Emphasis will be laid on development of marketing infrastructure and techniques of preservation, storage, and transportation etc. with a view to reduce the post harvest losses and ensuring a better return to the grower . Direct marketing and procurement by a notified State level procurement agency, as and when required with storage facilities of different items will be made available to the production areas. Upgradation and dissemination of market intelligence will receive particular attention. Efforts will be made to strengthen the market infrastructure.

Agro – processing : Setting up of Agro – processing units in production areas will be given due priority . To reduce post harvest wastage, effort would be made to add values specially to agricultural and horticultural produce by setting up small processing units. The small farmers Agricultural business consortium ( SFAC) will be activated to cater to the need of farmer entrepreneurs. Tea will be brought under Agriculture sector, but for processing it may be under industries Sector.

 

The Department of Agriculture, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh is initiating to step up production and productivity of crops with the following schemes under State Plan Program under 3 (Three) major Heads of development:

(1) Crop Husbandry
(2) Agriculture Research & Education
(3) Agriculture Marketing & Quality Control

 

 

 

 

Crops Husbandry

 

Following programmes are covered under Crop Husbandry to enhance the food production and cash crops in the State:-

1. State Food Security Programme
   II. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
   III. Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
   IV. Seed Production Programme through Govt. Agriculture Farms
   V. Chief Minister’s Agricultural Mechanization Programme
   VI. Strengthening of HRD Institution & Agriculture Programme
   VII. Cash Crops Development Programme
   VIII. Major repairs and renovation of assets (Buildings)
   IX. Promotion of Agriculture
   X. Agriculture Employment Generation Programme
   XI. Up gradation of10 (Ten) Nos. of Laboratories.

 

Agriculture research and education

The Department seeks to provide adequate stress on research by reorganizing the existing structure and pooling the existing manpower to deal effectively aiming at generating research output for the extension functionaries. Efforts are also intended to take up Research Programme on improving the productivity and generating data that suggest steps required to minimize the ill effect of Jhumming. A documentary film on Paddy-cum-Fish-Culture is also proposed for wide publicity and brings awareness to the farmers in other Districts.

Education is also an Integral part of developing the human resources in the field of Agriculture. In this Programme in which students are proposed to be sent for higher studies leading to B. Sc. (Agri.) etc. The expenditure on their stipend/Book grants etc. are to be borne by the Department.

 

Agriculture Marketing & Quality Control

 

Over the years there has been a significant increase in the production of crops like Potato, Ginger, Mustard, Vegetable, Sugarcane, Chilly & Maize in the State. The farmers are now facing the new challenge for disposal of these commodities and are deprived of the remunerative prices. All these commodities are considered as surplus and providing appropriate market avenues to the farmers is the real challenge at present to the Department.

 

 

 

Centrally Sponsored Schemes

 

The following Centrally Sponsored Schemes are being implemented in the State:-

National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Rice was launched during the year 2012-13 In the State under Central sector scheme with 100% allocation from Govt. of India tiII 2014- 15.

During the year 2014-15, NFSM- Pulses and (NFSM) Coarse cereals were included by Govt. of India. The main objective of the scheme is to:

1. Increase the production of Rice, Pulses and Coarse cereals through expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified Districts of the State.
   II. Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level and
   III. Enhancing farm level economy (i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the farmers.

During the year 2015-16, the Govt. of India has changed the funding pattern as 50:50 (Central & State share)

 

National Mission on Oilseed & Oil Palm (NMOOP)
During the last few years, the domestic consumption of edible Oils has increased substantially and has touched the level of 10.90 million tonnes in 2011-12 and is likely to increase further. With per capita consumption of vegetable oils at the rate of 16 kg / year/person for a projected population of 1276 million, the total vegetable oils demand is likely to touch 20.4 million tonnes by 2017. A substantial portion of our requirement of edible oil is met through import of Palm oil from Indonesia and Malaysia.

Basic features & objectives
National Mission on Oilseed & Oil Palm (NMOOP) envisages increase in production of vegetable oils from oilseeds, Oil Palm and TBOs from 7.06 million tonnes (average of 2007 – 08 to 2011-12) to 9.51 million tonnes by the end of 12th Plan (2016.17).

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture is one of the 8 Eight) Mission outline under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) aim at promoting sustainable Agriculture through a series of adoption measures focusing on improved crop seeds, livestock and Fish culture, water use efficiency, integrated pest disease and Nutrient Management, improve Farm practices and livelihood diversification through integrated farming system approach.

Main objectives

1. 
   To make Agriculture more productive, sustainable, remunerative & climate resilient by promoting local specific integrated/composite farming systems.
   II. To conserve natural resources through appropriate soil & moisture conservation measures.
   III. To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility map, soil test based application of macro & micro nutrient, judicious use of fertilizer etc.
   IV. To optimized utilization of water resources through efficient water management to expend coverage for achieving more crops per drop.
   V. To develop capacity of farmers and stake holders.
   VI. To establish an effective inter & intra Departmental / ministerial coordination for accomplishing key deliverables of NMSA.

 

Sub Mission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE)
The aim of the Sub-Mission of Agriculture Extension (SMAE) is to restructure and strengthen agricultural extension to enable delivery of appropriate technology and improved agronomic practices to farmers. This is envisaged to be achieved by a judicious mix of extensive physical outreach and interactive methods of information dissemination, use of ICT, popularization of modern and appropriate technologies, capacity building and institution strengthening to promote mechanization, availability of quality seeds, plant protection etc. and encourage aggregation of Farmers into Interest Groups (FIGs) to form Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).

In order to overcome systemic challenges being faced by the Extension System, there is a need for a focused approach in mission mode to disseminate appropriate technologies and relevant information to larger number of farmer households through inter personal and innovative methods of technology dissemination.

 

Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY)
Concerned by the slow growth in Agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council in its meeting held on 29th May 2007, had resolved to launch an Additional Central Assistant Scheme (ACAS) known as Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY) during the year 2007-2008 to Incentives the State Government to draw up strategic plans for natural resource issues and available technologies into accounts to enhance the public investment in Agriculture and allied sectors with a commitment to achieve 4% annual growth in Agriculture and allied sectors during 11th Five Year Plan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As per details from Census 2011, Arunachal Pradesh has population of 13.84 Lakhs, an increase from figure of 10.98 Lakh in 2001 census. Total population of Arunachal Pradesh as per 2011 census is 1,383,727 of which male and female are 713,912 and 669,815 respectively. In 2001, total population was 1,097,968 in which males were 579,941 while females were 518,027.

The total population growth in this decade was 26.03 percent while in previous decade it was 26.21 percent. The population of Arunachal Pradesh forms 0.11 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 0.11 percent.

 

Arunachal Pradesh Table Data

Description	2011	2001
Approximate Population	13.84 Lakhs	10.98 Lakh
Actual Population	1,383,727	1,097,968
Male	713,912	579,941
Female	669,815	518,027
Population Growth	26.03%	26.21%
Percantage of total Population	0.11%	0.11%
Sex Ratio	938	893
Child Sex Ratio	972	964
Density/km2	17	13
Density/mi2	43	34
Area(Km2)	83,743	83,743
Area mi2	32,333	32,333
Total Child Population (0-6 Age)	212,188	205,871
Male Population (0-6 Age)	107,624	104,833
Female Population (0-6 Age)	104,564	101,038
Literacy	65.38 %	54.34 %
Male Literacy	72.55 %	63.83 %
Female Literacy	57.70 %	43.53 %
Total Literate	766,005	484,785
Male Literate	439,868	303,281
Female Literate	326,137	181,504

 

 

Wildlife is the main source of ecotourism in any country. Wildlife is not only attracts

Wildlife Sanctuaries of Arunachal Pradesh

Wildlife santuary Name	Year	Area
D’Ering Memorial (Lali) WLS	1978	190
Dibang WLS	1991	4,149.00
Eagle Nest WLS	1989	217
Itanagar WLS	1978	140.3
Kamlang WLS	1989	783
Kane WLS	1991	31
Mehao WLS	1980	281.5
Pakhui/ Pakke WLS	1977	861.95
Sessa Orchid WLS	1989	100
Tale Valley WLS	1995	337
Yordi-RabeSupse WLS	1996	397

 

National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh

Name of National Park	Year	Total Area
Mouling National Park	1986	483
Namdapha National Park	1983	1807.82

 

DayingEring Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary

DayingEring Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh has all the necessary character to approve a strong eco-tourism sector. The Arunachal Pradesh Siang River (Brahmaputra in Assam) surrounds the northern, eastern, and western parts of the Arunachal Pradesh DayingEring Wildlife Sanctuary.

The southern part of this sanctuary extends into the adjoining state of Assam where it is called Kobo Chapori.

The DayingEring Wildlife Reserve tous covers a total area of 190 square km. The major part (75%) of the DayingEring Wildlife safari tours takes you to the alluvial grasslands, wooded areas constitute about 15%, and the rest is water.

 

Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary

Eagle’s Nest Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh is located in the West Kameng District of the state. The sanctuary covering an area of 217 square km, shelters various animals and birds. The various animals seen here are elephants, tigers, leopards, sambars, serows, gorals, red panda to name a few.

The vegetation is very rich and exhaustive. The lush green surroundings in the area are very impressive and breathtaking.

 

Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary

Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is located to the northeast of Anini the headquarters of the Upper Dibang Valley district in Arunachal Pradesh. Lying in the lush Dibang Valley, Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an area of 4149 square km. The surrounding area of the sanctuary inhabits by the Idu Mishmi tribes.

Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary

Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh is spread over an area of about 140 square km with rare and varied species of flora & fauna. Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary Arunachal Pradesh is actually in Naharlagun, the other part of Itanagar, the capital city of Arunachal Pradesh.

Mahao Wildlife Sanctuary

Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh covers an area of 281 sq.km. near the Roing, in the Lower Dibang valley District.

Kane Wildlife Sanctuary

Kane Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the district of West Siang in the northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Kane Wildlife Sanctuary Arunachal Pradesh is spread over an area of about 55 square km. The wildlife that can be seen here is elephant, small cats, deer etc. The vegetation is very rich with varieties of plantations. The sanctuary offers a pleasantsurroundings.

NamdaphaNational Park

Spread over an area of 1,985 square km, Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh is largest national park of the northeast region. It is also one of the largest wildlife protected areas In India. The Namdapha National Park is a few kilometers away from Miao the district headquarters situated on the Indo-Burma border. The landscape of the park is very challenging, as it covers a wide range of altitudes from 100 m to 4,500 m. The Namadapha National Park at Arunachal Pradesh has diverse and rich stock of flora and fauna that are typical of this area.

Sessa Orchid Santuary

Arunachal Pradesh located in the extreme North East corner of India is indeed an enchanting land with rich, varied, and colorful flora and fauna. The lush green forests spread over numerous hills rising from about 100 m to a height of about 7000 m encamped with eternal snow and networked by numerous rivers, provide congenial environment to myriads of life’s that coexist harmoniously. A most striking feature of the exhaustive vegetation that one finds here are lovely and colorful orchids, which bloom in abundance with myriads of colours and forms.

Sessa Orchid Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh is one such storehouse of orchids. Covering an area of 100 square km. between Bomdila and Bhalukpong, the Sessa Orchid Sanctuary of Arunachal Pradesh is rich with varieties of orchid in amazing colors and sizes.