DMPQ

• Cooperative Federalism: Emphasize mutual cooperation and interdependence between the Centre and States.
• Hierarchical Federalism: Acknowledge the Centre’s stronger position in specific areas.
• Resource Allocation: Highlight issues related to revenue sharing and grants.
• Legislative Competence: Focus on potential conflicts and overlaps between Union and State lists.
• Role of Governors: Address the controversies surrounding discretionary powers and neutrality.
• Arunachal Pradesh: Discuss its specific developmental needs, strategic significance, and unique challenges.

• Federalism: Division of powers between the Centre and States.
• Cooperative Federalism: Collaboration and mutual support.
• Hierarchical Federalism: Central dominance in certain spheres.
• Article 280: Finance Commission and resource allocation.
• Seventh Schedule: Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
• Article 356: President’s Rule and Governor’s role.
• Special Category Status: Financial assistance to certain states.

Legislative competence, delineated in the Seventh Schedule, occasionally leads to conflicts. Overlapping jurisdictions and ambiguities create opportunities for disputes, potentially hindering Arunachal Pradesh’s ability to formulate policies tailored to its specific needs in areas such as land management, tribal affairs, and border security. The Centre’s overarching powers, especially in matters of national security and economic policy, can sometimes overshadow state-level initiatives.

The Governor’s role, intended to be impartial, has become a flashpoint of contention. Allegations of bias, especially during government formation and the imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356), erode the spirit of cooperative federalism. In Arunachal Pradesh, given its sensitive location and socio-political dynamics, the Governor’s actions have significant implications for stability and governance. The discretionary powers vested in the Governor require careful exercise to avoid undermining the elected government’s authority. The need for effective Centre-State coordination to address trans-border issues like infrastructure development and infiltration further complicates the picture.

• **Focus:** Socio-economic, environmental challenges; interplay between traditional land systems and urban planning; participatory, culturally sensitive solutions.
• **Arunachal Pradesh Specificity:** Tailor arguments to the unique context of Arunachal Pradesh, including its tribal communities and geographical features.
• **Balance:** Discuss challenges and potential solutions with equal emphasis.
• **Practicality:** Ensure proposed solutions are implementable and consider potential obstacles.
• **Key Terms:** Define and use key terms like “rapid urbanization,” “traditional tribal land ownership,” “formal urban planning framework,” “participatory development,” “sustainable growth,” and “equitable growth” accurately.

• **Urbanization:** The process of population shift from rural to urban areas, the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.
• **Land Tenure Systems:** The rules, policies, and procedures governing the rights and responsibilities associated with land ownership and usage. In Arunachal Pradesh, this predominantly involves customary tribal laws.
• **Urban Planning:** The technical and political process concerned with the use of land and the design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, infrastructure, and building regulations.
• **Participatory Development:** An approach to development that emphasizes the active involvement of local communities in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of projects.
• **Sustainable Development:** Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations.
• **Equitable Growth:** Economic growth that is inclusive and benefits all segments of society, reducing inequality and promoting social justice.

• Socio-economic Challenges:**

Rapid urbanization in Arunachal Pradesh contributes to a range of socio-economic problems. Firstly, it leads to **increased inequality**. As urban centers grow, opportunities are often concentrated among a select few, exacerbating the gap between the wealthy and the marginalized. Traditional livelihoods, deeply intertwined with agriculture and forest resources, are threatened as land is diverted for urban development, leading to displacement and economic hardship for tribal communities. The influx of migrants seeking employment can strain existing infrastructure and resources, increasing competition for jobs and housing, and potentially leading to social tensions between local populations and newcomers. Furthermore, the high cost of living in urban areas can disproportionately affect low-income families, pushing them into informal settlements with inadequate access to basic services like sanitation, clean water, and healthcare. This, in turn, can lead to the spread of diseases and other health problems. Lastly, the shift from traditional social structures to more impersonal urban environments can erode community bonds and traditional knowledge systems.

• Environmental Challenges:**

The environmental consequences of rapid urbanization in Arunachal Pradesh are equally concerning. The state’s fragile ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to the pressures of urban expansion. Deforestation to make way for housing, infrastructure, and commercial development leads to habitat loss, soil erosion, and increased risk of landslides, especially in mountainous regions. Unplanned construction and inadequate waste management contribute to water and air pollution, further degrading the environment. The increased demand for resources like water and energy strains existing supplies, potentially leading to shortages and conflicts. Moreover, the construction of roads and other infrastructure can disrupt wildlife corridors, fragmenting habitats and isolating animal populations. The alteration of natural drainage patterns can also increase the risk of flooding, especially during the monsoon season.

• Interplay of Traditional Land Ownership and Formal Urban Planning:**

The clash between traditional tribal land ownership systems and the formal urban planning framework presents a unique set of challenges. In Arunachal Pradesh, land is often communally owned by tribal communities, governed by customary laws and traditions. This contrasts with the formal urban planning framework, which typically assumes individual ownership and relies on land acquisition mechanisms that may not be compatible with traditional systems. This discrepancy can lead to land disputes, delays in development projects, and resentment among local communities who feel that their rights are being violated. The lack of clarity regarding land ownership also makes it difficult to enforce building regulations and prevent unauthorized construction, contributing to unplanned urban sprawl and environmental degradation. Furthermore, the formal planning framework often fails to adequately incorporate traditional knowledge and practices related to land management and resource use, leading to unsustainable development practices.

• Participatory, Culturally Sensitive Urban Development:**

To ensure sustainable and equitable growth, a participatory, culturally sensitive urban development model is crucial. This approach should prioritize the active involvement of tribal communities in all stages of the planning process, from needs assessment and goal setting to project implementation and monitoring. This necessitates strengthening local governance structures and empowering tribal councils to play a meaningful role in decision-making. It also requires adopting a flexible and adaptive planning framework that recognizes and respects traditional land ownership systems, incorporating customary laws and practices into land management policies. Land pooling and land readjustment techniques, which involve consolidating land parcels and redistributing them after development, can be explored as alternatives to traditional land acquisition.

• Implementation Strategies:**

Implementing a participatory, culturally sensitive model also requires a multi-pronged approach. Awareness campaigns can educate communities about the benefits of planned development and the importance of protecting the environment. Capacity building programs can equip local residents with the skills and knowledge needed to participate effectively in the planning process. Traditional building techniques and materials should be promoted to ensure that new construction is culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable. Investment in infrastructure, such as affordable housing, sanitation facilities, and public transportation, is essential to improve living conditions and reduce inequality. Furthermore, promoting sustainable economic opportunities, such as eco-tourism and handicrafts, can help to diversify the local economy and reduce dependence on unsustainable practices. Utilizing GIS and remote sensing technologies can assist in land use planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster risk management. Transparent and accountable governance structures are essential to ensure that development projects are implemented fairly and efficiently, and that the benefits are shared equitably.