DMPQ – Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States [paper_3]

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The Constitution of India envisages a cooperative, albeit hierarchical, federal structure. Analyze the challenges faced in translating this ideal into practice, particularly concerning resource allocation, legislative competence, and the evolving role of Governors. Further, evaluate the specific implications of these challenges for a frontier state like Arunachal Pradesh, considering its unique developmental needs and strategic importance. (250 words)

Model Answer:

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  • Cooperative Federalism: Emphasize mutual cooperation and interdependence between the Centre and States.
  • Hierarchical Federalism: Acknowledge the Centre’s stronger position in specific areas.
  • Resource Allocation: Highlight issues related to revenue sharing and grants.
  • Legislative Competence: Focus on potential conflicts and overlaps between Union and State lists.
  • Role of Governors: Address the controversies surrounding discretionary powers and neutrality.
  • Arunachal Pradesh: Discuss its specific developmental needs, strategic significance, and unique challenges.
  • Federalism: Division of powers between the Centre and States.
  • Cooperative Federalism: Collaboration and mutual support.
  • Hierarchical Federalism: Central dominance in certain spheres.
  • Article 280: Finance Commission and resource allocation.
  • Seventh Schedule: Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
  • Article 356: President’s Rule and Governor’s role.
  • Special Category Status: Financial assistance to certain states.
The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure blending cooperation and hierarchy. While envisioning a collaborative partnership between the Union and States, inherent power imbalances and practical complexities pose significant challenges in realizing this ideal. These challenges manifest acutely in resource allocation disputes, legislative competence clashes, and the often-controversial role of Governors, disproportionately affecting frontier states like Arunachal Pradesh with their unique vulnerabilities.
Resource allocation remains a persistent challenge. The Finance Commission’s recommendations, while aiming for equitable distribution, often spark discontent among states, particularly those with limited revenue-generating capacity like Arunachal Pradesh. Dependence on central grants for development creates vulnerability and can impinge on state autonomy. Further, implementation of centrally sponsored schemes (CSS) often requires matching state contributions, straining the finances of resource-constrained states.

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Legislative competence, delineated in the Seventh Schedule, occasionally leads to conflicts. Overlapping jurisdictions and ambiguities create opportunities for disputes, potentially hindering Arunachal Pradesh’s ability to formulate policies tailored to its specific needs in areas such as land management, tribal affairs, and border security. The Centre’s overarching powers, especially in matters of national security and economic policy, can sometimes overshadow state-level initiatives.

The Governor’s role, intended to be impartial, has become a flashpoint of contention. Allegations of bias, especially during government formation and the imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356), erode the spirit of cooperative federalism. In Arunachal Pradesh, given its sensitive location and socio-political dynamics, the Governor’s actions have significant implications for stability and governance. The discretionary powers vested in the Governor require careful exercise to avoid undermining the elected government’s authority. The need for effective Centre-State coordination to address trans-border issues like infrastructure development and infiltration further complicates the picture.

Translating India’s cooperative, hierarchical federalism into reality requires continuous dialogue, mutual respect, and a commitment to equitable development. Strengthening institutions like the Inter-State Council, ensuring greater financial autonomy for states, and fostering a more transparent and accountable role for Governors are crucial steps. For Arunachal Pradesh, a tailored approach recognizing its strategic importance, developmental deficits, and unique cultural identity is essential. Enhanced resource allocation, greater flexibility in implementing central schemes, and a collaborative framework for addressing border-related challenges are vital for ensuring its sustained progress and integration within the Indian Union. A truly cooperative spirit, prioritizing the needs of frontier states like Arunachal Pradesh, will ultimately strengthen the fabric of Indian federalism.
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