Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues and problems of implementation

Meaning of Public Policy

Are goal oriented
Are outcome of the government’s collective actions
It is what the government actually decided or chooses to do
Is positive in the sense that it depicts the concern of the government and involves its action to a particular problem on which the policy is made
Distinction between policy and goals; policy and decisions

Characteristics of public policy making

Is a very complex process
Dynamic process
Comprises of various componenet
Policy structure makes different contributions
Decision making
Lays down major guidelines
Results in action
Directed at the future
Mainly formulated by governmental organs
Aims at achieving what is in the public interest
Use of best policy means
Involvement of various bodies/agencies

Components of public policy

PP is purposive and deliberately formulated. It must have a purpose or a goal
Is well thought out and is not a series of discrete decisions
PP is what is actually done and not what is intended or desired
PP also delineates a time frame in which its goals have to be achieved
Follows a defined course of action: formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation

Types of public policy

Substantive: concerned with the general welfare and development of the society
Regulatory: Concerned with regulation of trade, business, safety measures, public utilities etc
Distributive: meant for specific segments of the society
Redistributive
Capitalisation: financial subsidies given by the Union govt to the state and local govt

In a parliamentary democracy, the legislature or Parliament is the most appropriate site for policy making as well as the site for evaluation and monitoring for its implementation. Parliament of India exercise control over executive through its Committees. The most important Standing Committees of Parliament are those that exercise control over the finances: the Public Accounts Committee, the Committee on Estimate and the Committee on Public Undertaking.

Policy implementation is of critical importance to the success of Government. No policy can succeed if the implementation does not bear relationship to the intentions of policy adopters. Policy implementation is the process of putting policy into action. Implementation is the phase between a decision and operation. It seeks to determine whether an organization is able to carry out and achieve its stated objectives.

Communication is an essential ingredient for effective implementation of public policy. Through communication, orders to implement policies are expected to be transmitted to the appropriate personnel in a clear manner while such orders must be accurate and consistent. Inadequate information can lead to a misunderstanding on the part of the implementors who may be confused as to what exactly are required of them. In effect, implementation instructions that are not transmitted, that are distorted in transmission, that are vague, or that are inconsistent may cause serious obstacles to policy implementation.

The Indian judiciary is also regarded as an important agency in policy making process. Armed with the power to strike down executive, quasi-judicial and legislative actions as unconstitutional, the judiciary has, as the ultimate interpreter of Constitutional provisions , expounded the basic features of the Constitution of which the power of judicial review has been recognized as forming an integral part.

The judiciary can intervene in the administrative acts under the following circumstances:

• Lack of jurisdiction,

• Error of law,

• Error in fact finding,

• Abuse of authority,

• Error of procedure.

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