India

Natural and Power resources of Arunachal Pradesh

by

Natural and Power resources of Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh has an area of 83,743 sq kms. It is the largest state in the North Eastern region sharing its international boundaries with Bhutan in the west , China in the North and Myanmar in the East. It also shares border with state of Assam and Nagaland in the southern and south eastern area. Total forest cover is about 82% and the state has numerous turbulent streams , fast flowing rivers , deep gorges , lofty mountains , snow clad peaks and rich biodiversity.

Total generating capacity of the state was only 32 MW hydro and 28.63 MW diesel till now, which has increased substantially with the completion of 405 MW Ranganadi hydropower project. 600MW Kameng hydro power project is under construction and these projects will provide electricity not only to the Arunachal Pradesh and other states in the north eastern region but also to the power starved regions of the country.

The per capita consumption of Arunachal Pradesh is below 100 Kwh as compared to the national average of 373Kwh. The state plans to harness its enormous potential from natural resources like forests and hydro power and exploit its mineral wealth to usher in the era of economic development and raise the capita electricity consumption to the 500 Kwh.Natural and Power resources of Arunachal Pradesh

Power Installations In 2016-17

In June 2016, the state accounted for an installed capacity of power generation of 55.41 MW from thermal power plants out of which 43.06 MW is contributed by gas power plants and 12.35 MW from coal power plants.

For the installation of 40,000 MW grid connected solar rooftop system in the country by 2022, the target allocated for the state is 50 MW.

Use of  Conventional resources and its issues

Conventional resources of energy are rapidly depleting and there is no formation of conventional sources of energies in near future. So there is need to divert our attention to renewable energy resources. The main concern over the rapid consumption of Fossil Fuels is they are depleting at fast pace. And there should be use of renewable resources to meet the growing demands of utilization of  non-renewable products

In order  to preserve the energy resources through proper utilization, the power developers have to create awareness among the people about the use of renewable resources as non-renewable resources declining at a rapid rate due to increasing demands of its use in global market of energy conservation and make it a culture in the long run to be a efficient state. The power is the most important contributing factor of a developed state so to be efficient there should be exploration of  all possible avenues to produce power.

Prospects  on involvement of private sector in Hydro-Power generation is very benefitting. There is need for energy conservation and its efficiency. There is need to look for  Power renewable energy, power trading, T&D loss reduction and technologies  and equipments for effective energy generation.

The reserves of coal, oil and natural gas are limited and they do not regenerate. Hence such energies could be used only as long as they last and their emissions cannot be absorbed by nature. Consequently, none of these energy sources can satisfy both sustainability criteria. Therefore, the sustainability criteria are best satisfied by solar, wind, wave and most hydro-power options. The state will produce adequate energy in all ways and means that is safe and good for the state and its population.

Renewable energy in the state

The government has launched the programme for promoting power generation from renewable sources since the last 25 years. In India, the cumulative power generation from these sources is only around 11,272.13 MW and in State , Power generation from renewable resources is very less. Small hydro-power projects generating up to 25 MW power are also categorized as power renewable sources of energy.

However there are socio socio-economic problems associated with small hydro projects at place where it has caused hydro-projects blockade or diversion in downstream water affecting farming operations and causing drinking water availability problems in villages. India is also lagging behind in power generation from biomass, bagasse and waste despite its high potential.

Technology improvement for Renewable Energy

Technological improvements, better quality control, standardization and increased number of suppliers/ manufacturers/vendors in technologies such as wind manufacturers/vendors turbines, biomass cogeneration and hydro power, biomass gasification, small and micro micro-hydro, bio-diesel and solar photovoltaic are also aiding the growth of renewable energy.

Efficiency in energy utilization needs to be a continuous activity as there is huge continuous un productive energy utilization has seen. The world is moving towards a sustainable energy future with an emphasis on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources.

The North East has abundant renewable energy resources but their utilization has not been adequate. Apart from small hydel power projects, biomass holds a lot of scope in the region. Effective utilization of renewable energy could be of immense benefit in electrification of remote villages. The 11th Plan targeted utilization of renewable energy to the tune of 3,500 MW with a capacity addition of another 3,200MW. The private sector participation is very much encouraging in this regard. Continued growth of Indian economy will depend on large scale investments in its large-scale energy sector.

Central and State Governments should also address these issues for faster implementation of projects. Further, any development in the generation and objects transmission / sub-transmission infrastructure can only be sustained through transmission .Continuous cash-flow from end consumers, adequate focus needs to be on  strengthening of the distribution sector through administrative and management sector reforms. the Central Government sponsored schemes such as the R-APDRP, and development of the human resources through appropriately designed training and development programs.

The state is sparsely populated and the wide dispersion in population makes the centralized generation and long T&D network a costly option. This explains the presence of distributed generation, having installed capacities of several KW only which cater for the local areas. The Arunachal Pradesh Electricity Department, a vertically integrated entity, is vertically-integrated responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power in the State.

Although the state has a huge hydro potential to the order of 55,000 MW, it is mostly unexplored .The State’s own installed capacity is only 61 MW and is primarily dependent on primarily purchase of power from CPSUs (share of 119 MW). Peak demand of the state stood at130 MW in 2008-09 and peak demand and energy deficit stand at 39.2% and 36.4% respectively which are way above the national average figures.

The best way of contributing to the nation is to tap the hydro potentials in Arunachal Pradesh, which can meet the nation’s one one-third power requirements. Of the projected 60,000 MW of power potentials in the State, only 4 5% has so far been exploited. 4-5%Highlighting the vast potentials for renewable energy in North Eastern states

The dams are constructed using best of scientific technologies to maximize power production and minimize the hypothetical negative impact.

Mega Power Policy and Small Hydro Power Policy

Join Our Telegram Channel

The Government of Arunachal Pradesh has formulated Mega Power Policy and Small Hydropower Policy for project under 25 MW under Build, Own, and Operate and Transfer (BOOT) model. Projects are classified according to their size and the project identification, allocation and various statutory clearances are detailed in the policy. various. The private sector companies will have the option to execute hydro projects on Build, Own, Operate (BOO) or Build, Own, Transfer (BOT). The land required for construction of the project shall be acquired and leased to the developer against payment of land.

Objective is to formulate effective policy, proper technology delivery and besides capacity building for realizing the potential of the renewable energy sector.

The State has got abundant renewable energy resources and made a strong pitch for improving power generating capacities. Power-generating through improved technologies so as to meet the future power requirements of the country. Around 15 per cent of energy is being lost in distribution and transmission system, besides the unauthorized tapping of power

Solar Energy

India has abundant solar insolation and state is also have potential for solar energy. There is also need to emphasized on tapping the solar energy to meet the electricity needs of people of border areas in the state.

Focus is on tapping the resources for renewable energy and eradicate hurdles in tapping them. There is need to provide solar power in border areas of the state as it has vast potentials for renewable energy in North Eastern states.

Bio diversity in the state

There is need to conserve power and bio diversity as well. Bio-diversity in Arunachal Pradesh with 82per cent forest cover will put all efforts in saving its natural bio- biodiversity and at the same time will march forward with other states in terms of development by becoming energy efficient.

To protect the bio diversity, the government will soon  eliminate the jhum cultivation and introduce tea and rubber cultivation. It will help in maintaining the economic balance and conserve bio diversity.

Efforts are being done in saving its natural bio diversity and at the same time co operate with other states in conserving bio diversity. Efforts are also done in terms of development by becoming energy efficient by producing adequate energy in all ways and means that is safe and good for the state and its population.

Wind Energy

Emphasizing the need of enhancing renewable energy  wind power could be transform into effective energy in the state. India now ranks as a “wind superpower” with an installed wind power capacity of 1167 MW and about 5 billion units of electricity have been fed to the national grid so far.

In the state, around 15 per cent of energy has been lost while distributing power in various states. State has been focusing on minute details on the energy efficiency and conservation and renewable energy.

Biogas based Power Generation Programme (BPGP)

Biogas based power units can be a reliable decentralized power generation option in the country. In order to promote this route of power generation, specifically in the small capacity range (3 kW to 250 kW), based on the availability of large quantity of animal wastes and wastes from forestry, rural based industries (agro/food processing), kitchen wastes, etc; a number of projects of different capacities and applications will be taken up for refining the technical know-how, developing manpower and necessary infrastructure, establishing a proper arrangement of operation & maintenance and large scale dissemination. Various small bio gas power generations has been installed in the state.

Effective Policy for future generations

Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources, such as energy from hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, bio gas,  tidal power and also technologies ,designed to improve energy efficiency needs to be enhanced. The reserves of coal, oil and reserves natural gas are limited and they do not regenerate. Hence, such energies could be used only as long as they last and their emissions cannot be absorbed by nature. Consequently, none of the energy sources can satisfy both sustainability criteria. Therefore, the sustainability criteria are best satisfied by solar, wind, wave and most hydropower options.

Other options help to meet the sustainability goals were energy savings and increase energy efficiency.

 

Subscribe on YouTube

Human Resource and Community Development  

by

 

Human resource development includes development at various levels, including community. Community development requires HRD efforts, such as training and organization development. Community development is an alternative route to educating and training citizens of a community. Community settings, especially in developing countries, require that HRD practitioners take into account many factors, such as cultural variables, beliefs, traditions, and gender roles before bringing about change. Practicing HRD in a community setting requires a holistic approach to development. By its nature community development is multidisciplinary and, thus, using theories with a narrow focus to understand community development is inappropriate

Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. Community wellbeing (economic, social, environmental and cultural) often evolves from this type of collective action being taken at a grassroots level. Community development ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community.

Effective community development should be:

Join Our Telegram Channel
  • a long-term endeavour
  • well-planned
  • inclusive and equitable
  • holistic and integrated into the bigger picture
  • initiated and supported by community members
  • of benefit to the community
  • grounded in experience that leads to best practices

 

The Community Development Programme of India

 

The Community Development Programme has been the biggest rural reconstruction scheme undertaken by the government of free India. It has been variously described as the magnacarta of hope and happiness for two-thirds of India’s population, the testament of emancipation, the declaration of war on poverty, ignorance, squalor and disease under which millions have been groaning etc.

 

The Community Development Programme of the present form is, in the main, an American concept. It is, in a way, the culmination of the economics of rural reconstruction as learnt and developed in the United States with its practical usefulness justified under the Indian conditions.

 

The Community Development Programme is broadly divided into three phases. They are- (a) the National Extension Phase, (b) the Intensive Community Development Project Phase and (c) the Post-Intensive Development Phase.

In the first phase, the areas selected are subjected to the method of providing services on the ordinary rural development pattern with a lesser governmental expenditure. In the intensive phase, the blocks selected are subjected to more composite and more intensive development schemes with larger governmental expenditure.

In the post-intensive phase, it is presumed that the basis for self-perpetuation of the process initiated during the earlier phases has been created and the need for special government expenses reduced. Slowly the areas are left in the charge of the departments for the development.

An elaborate organization has been created to implement Community Development Projects; it is known as the Community Project Administration. Originally functioning under the Planning Commission, it is now under the charge of the newly created Ministry of Community Development.

The entire administration is composed of four major types- the central administration, the state administration, the district organization and the project administration. The power and the control flow from top to bottom making it a hierarchic bureaucratic organization.

Subscribe on YouTube

Scope:

Needless to say that the Community Development Programme is a universal phenomenon practised both in developed and developing countries. But, the programme assumes vital significance in developing countries because of their low-level of development in various segments of social life.

Owing to its wider applicability in multifaceted fields of operation, it is not practically feasible to evolve a theoretical framework of the scope of Community Development Programme. However, for the sake of convenience, the field of Community Development Programme can broadly be divided into the following items.

1. Agricultural and allied fields:

Under this category activities regarding following items are included, (a) reutilisation of virgin and waste lands, (b) repairing of old wells, digging new wells and provision of major/minor irrigation facilities, (c) adoption of qualitative high-yielding seeds, manures, fertilizers, use of tractors etc., (d) provision of credit facilities for the development of animal husbandry, poultry farming, fishery, soil conservation etc. and (e) growth of vegetables and plants etc.

2. Organisation:

Organisation of ‘co-operative service societies’, multi-purpose cooperative societies, ‘marketing co-operatives’ and other types of people’s institutions.

3. Education:

Attaching importance to primary education, adult education and social education with the aim of expanding the mental horizon of the ruralites.

4. Employment:

For solving the problem of rural unemployment, attempts have been made for the setting up of small scale and cottage industries.

5. Health Services:

Provision for mobile, permanent dispensaries, arrangements for maternal care, medical aid during pregnancy, midwife service, child care etc.

6. Communication:

Repair of old roads, construction of new roads and arrangement for transportation and communication facilities.

7. Vocational training:

Imparting vocational training in the field of tailoring, embroidery, carpentry etc.

8. Supply of drinking water:

Attempting to provide safe drinking water by repairing old wells or constructing new ones.

9. Social welfare:

Social welfare activities include rehabilitation of old, disabled and destitute, provision for better housing, organisation of sports, promotion of cultural activities etc.

 

The Preamble

by

The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble which describes the nature of the Indian State and the objectives it is committed to secure. K.M. Munshi describes the Preamble as the political horoscope of the constitution. Thakur Dass Bhargawa says Preamble is the most precious part and the soul of the constitution.

The Preamble reads:

We, the People of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and to secure to all its citizens;

Justice, social, economic, political;

Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

Equality of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all;

Fraternity, assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation ;

In our Constituent Assembly this, twenty sixth day of November 1949 do hereby Adopt, Enact and Give to ourselves this Constitution.

The words ‘Socialist ‘Secular” and ‘Integrity were initially not there in the Preamble. These were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) of the Constitution.

Join Our Telegram Channel

Preamble: Features:

I. The Source of Authority:

Popular Sovereignty:

The Preamble categorically accepts the principle of Popular Sovereignty. It begins with the words: ‘We the people of India’. These words testify to the fact that the people of India are’ the ultimate source of all authority. The Government derives its power from them.

II. Nature of State:

The Preamble describes five cardinal features of the Indian state:

(1) India is a Sovereign State:

The Preamble proclaims that India is a sovereign state. Such a proclamation denotes the end of rule over India. It testifies to the fact that India is no longer a dependency or colony or possession of British Crown. As a sovereign independent state, India is free both internally and externally to take her own decisions and implement these for her people and territories.

(2) India is a Socialist State:

In 1976, the Preamble was amended to include the word ‘Socialism’. It is now regarded as a prime feature of the State. It reflects the fact that India is committed to secure social, economic and political justice for all its people. India stands for ending all forms of exploitation as well as for securing equitable distribution of income, resources and wealth. This has to be secured by peaceful, constitutional and democratic means. The term ‘India is a Socialist state’ really means, ‘India is a democratic socialist state.’

(3) India is a Secular State:

By the 42nd Amendment, the term ‘Secular’ was incorporated in the Preamble. Its inclusion simply made the secular nature of the Indian Constitution more explicit. As a state India gives special status to no religion. There is no such thing as a state religion of India. India guarantees equal freedom to all religions. All religions enjoy equality of status and respect.

(4) India is a Democratic State:

The Preamble declares India to be a Democratic State. The Constitution of India provides for a democratic system. The authority of the government rests upon the sovereignty of the people. The people enjoy equal political rights. The people freely participate in the democratic process of self rule.

They elect their government. For all its acts, the government is responsible before the people. The people can change their government through elections. The government enjoys limited powers. It always acts under the Constitution which represents the supreme will of the people.

(5) India is a Republic:

The Preamble declares India to be a Republic. Negatively, this means that India is not ruled by a monarch or a nominated head of state. Positively, it means that India has an elected head of state who wields power for a fixed term. President of India is the elected sovereign head of the state. He holds a tenure of 5 years. Any Indian citizen can get elected as the President of India.

III. Four Objectives of the Indian State:

The Preamble lists four cardinal objectives which are to be “secured by the state for all its citizens”.

These are:

(1) Justice:

India seeks to secure social, economic and political justice for its people.

(i) Social Justice:

Social Justice means the absence of socially privileged classes in the society and no discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, creed, colour, religion, sex or place of birth. India stands for eliminating all forms of exploitations from the society.

(ii) Economic Justice:

Economic Justice means no discrimination between man and man on the basis of income, wealth and economic status. It stands for equitable distribution of wealth, economic equality, end of monopolistic control over means of production and distribution, decentralisation of economic resources, and securing of adequate opportunities to all for earning their livelihoods.

Subscribe on YouTube

(iii) Political Justice:

Political Justice means equal, free and fair opportunities to the people for participation in the political process. It stands for the grant of equal political rights to all the people without any discrimination. The Constitution of India provides for a liberal democracy in which all the people have the right and freedom to participate.

(2) Liberty:

The Preamble declares liberty to be the second cardinal objective to be secured. It includes liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. The grant of Fundamental Rights (Part III) including the right to freedom is designed to secure this objective. Liberty of faith and worship is designed to strengthen the spirit of secularism.

(3) Equality:

The Preamble declares Equality as the third objective of the Constitution. Equality means two basic things:

(i) Equality of status i.e. natural equality of all persons as equal and free citizens of India enjoying equality before law.

(ii) Equality of opportunity i.e. adequate opportunities for all to develop. For securing the equality of status and opportunity, the Constitution of India grants and guarantees the fundamental Right to Equality.

(4) Fraternity:

Promotion of Fraternity among the people is the fourth objective is to promote Fraternity among all the people. Fraternity means the inculcation of a strong feeling of spiritual and psychological unity among the people. It is designed to secure dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.

IV. Date of Adoption and Enactment:

In its final paragraph, the Preamble specifies the important historical fact that the Constitution was adopted on 26 November, 1949. It was on this day that the Constitution received the signatures of the President of the Constituent Assembly and was declared passed.

V. Self-made Constitution:

The Constitution of India is an adopted, enacted and self-made constitution. It was adopted and enacted by the Constituent Assembly acting as the elected representative body of the people of India. The Preamble states the philosophical foundations of the Constitution India and enumerates its objectives.

It constitutes a Key for the interpretation of the Constitution. It is a part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution. Through, it’s Preamble, the Constitution a commits itself to Democracy, Republicanism, Socialism, Secularism, Liberalism and Welfare State. The Preamble states the objectives which the Constitution is committed to secure for all the people of India.

Local Governance: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.Types of Urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions in India.Sources of Finance in Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions.

by

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992, which gave Constitutional status to panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs) respectively, in both letter and spirit in order to bring about greater decentralisation and increase the involvement of the community in planning and implementing schemes and, thus, increase accountability.

The Amendments left important matters such as implementation, service delivery (including local capacity building) and transfer of responsibilities and powers to rural local bodies at the discretion of the state legislatures. Consequently, while expenditure responsibilities of local bodies are extensively enhanced, there is no law to ensure a corresponding assignment of funds to match the additional responsibilities.

Panchayats and Municipalities will be “institutions of self-government”.

1. Basic units of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) and Ward Committees (Municipalities) comprising all the adult members registered as voters.

2. Three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels except in States with population is below 20 lakhs (Article 243B).

3. Seats at all levels to be filled by direct elections [Article 243C (2)].

4. Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.

5. One-third of the total number of seats to be reserved for women. One third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs also reserved for women. One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women (Article 243D).

6. Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term. In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months (Article 243E).

7. Independent Election Commission in each State for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls (Article 243K).

8. Panchayats to prepare plans for economic development and social justice in respect of subjects as devolved by law to the various levels of Panchayats including the subjects as illustrated in Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G).

9. 74th Amendment provides for a District Planning Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities (Article 243ZD).

10. Funds: Budgetary allocation from State Governments, share of revenue of certain taxes, collection and retention of the revenue it raises, Central Government programmes and grants, Union Finance Commission grants (Article 243H).

11. Establish a Finance Commission in each State to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities (Article 243I).

 

The civic functions relating to sanitation, cleaning of public roads, drains and ponds, public toilets and lavatories, primary health care, vaccination, supply of drinking water, constructing public wells, street lighting, social health and primary and adult education, etc. are obligatory functions of village panchayats. The optional functions depend on the resources of the panchayats. They may or may not perform such functions as tree plantation on road sides, setting up of breeding centres for cattle, organising child and maternity welfare, promotion of agriculture, etc.

Subscribe on YouTube

The State Finance Commissions are required to recommend financial support from the state and principles for determination of taxes, tolls and fees that could be assigned to or appropriated by the local bodies

Article 243I of the Indian Constitution prescribes that the Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and to make recommendations to the Governor as to

Join Our Telegram Channel

The principles which should govern

  1. The distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective shares of such proceeds;
  2. The determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned as, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
  3. The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State;

Modern Period

by
 Later Mughals
1707-12Bahadur Shah I
1712-13Jahandar Shah
1713-19Farukk Siyar
1719-48Muhammad Shah Rangila
1748-54Ahmad Shah
1754-59Alamgir II
1759-1806Shah Alam II
1806-1837Akbar Shah II
1837-57Bahadur Shah II

 

 Later Mughal Rulers
Bahadur Shah IAfter the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in
1707-1712which Mauzzam emerged victorious & assumed the title of Bahadur Shah I. Banda
 Bahadur who killed Wazir khanwas defeated by him. Was referred to as ‘Shah-i-
 Bekhabar’.
Jahandar ShahLater after Bahadur Shah’s death, his son Jahandar Shah came to power after killing
1712-13his other brothers with the help of Zulfikar Khan. He made peace with the Jats,
 Shahuji & honoured rajput kings.
Farrukh SiyarNephew  of  Jahandar  Shah,  Farrukh  Siyar  killed  him  with  the  help  of  Sayyid
1713-19brothers – Abdulla Khan (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi). Farrukh Siyar
 tried to check the powers of Sayyid brothers but the latter got him killed & crowned
 two princes Raffi-ud-Darajat, Raffi-ud-Daula in quick succession. Later they made
 Muhammad Shah (Grandson of Bahadur Shah I) as the king. After his accession the
 Sayyid brothers fell victim to the intrigue of Turani Amirs.
MuhammadDuring his tenure most the independent kingdoms were established: Nizam-ul-Mulk
Shah Rangila(Deccan),  Saadat  Khan  (Awadh)  &  Murshid  Quli  Khan  (Bengal).  Iranian  King
1719-48Nadir Shah invaded in 1739 on invitation of Saadat Khan (Awadh). The latter was
 imprisoned by Nadir Shah for not able to pay the promised ransom. Nadir Shah
 took the peacock throne & the Kohinoor diamond with him.
Ahmad ShahSon of Muhammad Shah. During his reign Ahmad Shah Abdali (claimed himself
1748-54ruler  of  Kandhar  after  the  assassination  of  Nadir  Shah  by  Persian  in  1747)
 repeatedly attacked. Later Ahmad Shah was killed & deposed by his own Wazir
 Imad-ul-Mulk.
Alamgir IIActual name Aziz-ud-din. Frequency of Abdali attacks increased. [1754-59]
Shah Alam II1759-1806
Akbar Shah II1806-1837
Bahadur Shah II1837-57

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Other Contemporary States 
 Bihar After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king  who was an impartial ruler & 
    carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula 
    succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided 
    with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat. 
 Bengal Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son 
    Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later 
    Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa. 
    After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to 
    Britishers under Lord Clive. 
 Hyderabad Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724. 
 Mysore & Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in 
 Haider Ali the 18th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the 
    King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief 
    of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by 
    Peshwa Madhav Rao. 
 Tipu Sultan He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after 
    claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of 
    jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch 
    muslim. He donated money to hindus but later got the temples abolished. 
 Travancore Martanda Verma  
 Rajput States Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh) 
 Rohilkhand Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated 
    by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas. 
 Sikhs Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave 
    commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar. 
     The Peshwas 
 1713-20 Balaji VishwanathShahu appointed him as the Peshwa. 
 1720-40 Baji Rao IBaji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in 
     Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand 
     & even raided Delhi. 
 1740-61 Balaji Baji RaoSon of Baji Rao I  Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from 
     the later Nana Saheb, adopted son of Baji Rao II) who defeated 
     the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a 
     terrible blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761-Panipat 
 1761-72 Madhav Rao IDefeated Nizam, Mysore, Rohillas, Rajputs Jats. In 1771 he 
     confined the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II  by giving pension. 
 1772-73 Narayan RaoShort tenure. Tussle with Ragunath Rao over Peshwa claim. 
 1774-95 Madhav Rao IIBecame Peshwa after treaty of Salbai supported by Nana 
     Phadnavis.  In the meantime Mahadji Scindia who had brought 
     Shah Alam under his control became the actual ruler of Delhi till 
     his death in 1794. 
 1796-1818 Baji Rao IIIncompetent son of Raghunath Rao (who was had earlier stuggled 
     with Narayan Rao to become Peshwa & sided with Britishers) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Important Battles
1744-48First Anglo-French Carnatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la-
 Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud-
 din’s large one.
1748-54Second Anglo French Carnatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of
 Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carnatic) while the Enlish supported the claims of Nasir
 Jang (son of late Nizam, Asaf Jah) & Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic) Initially the French
 under Dupleix had success (& stationed officer Bussy at Hyderabad) but later the
 English got hold. Treaty of Pondicherry signed.
1757-63Third Anglo French Carnatic war. French captured Fort St. David. Lally did the
 mistake of recalling Bussy from Hyderabad. Later the French were badly routed at
 Wandiwash by the British under Sir Eyre Coote.
1757Battle of Plassey. British under clive & treacher Mir Jaffar routed Siraj-ud-daula. Mir
 Jafar was made Bengal but later replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim. He revolted &
 was again replaced by Mir Jafar.
1760Battle of Wandiwash. French decisively defeated
1761Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali
1764Battle of Buxar. Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II defeated by Major Munro.
 Treaty of Allahabad signed which gave the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Bihar to
 the Enlish & trading rights in Awadh. Shah Alam on pension of 26 laksh/annum.
1767-69I Anglo Mysore war. Both the British & Haider Ali returned each others territories The
 britisheres committed to help Haider against a third party invasion
1775-82First Anglo Maratha war. The British army was defeated. The humiliating convention
 of Wadgaon was concluded in which the company was required to give up all the
 advantages of Treaty of Purandhar. Peace was at last restored by treaty of Salbai signed
 between Warren Hastings & Mahdji Scindia whereby salsette & Bassein were given to
 the British.
1780-84II Anglo Mysore War. In 1782 Haider Ali passed away due to illness leaving the
 struggle to Tipu. War concluded by treaty of Mangalore
1790-92III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu signed the treaty of Seringapattam
1799IV Anglo Mysore war. When the subsidiary alliance was offered to Tipu Sultan he
 flatly refused & hence the war happened in which the Marathas & the Nizam helped the
 Britishers. Tipu died fighting the war.
1803-1805Second Anglo Maratha war. Marathas defeated.
1814-16Anglo Nepal war. War came to an end by treaty of Sagauli
1817-19Third Anglo Maratha war. Marathas decisively defeated
1823-26First Anglo Burmese war. Buremese defeated & conducted Treaty of Yandahboo
1839-42First Anglo Afghan war. The Britishers were defeated.
1845-46First Anglo-Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Treaty of Lahore conducted
1848-49Second Anglo Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Punjab annexed to British. Maharaja Dalip
 Singh given an annual pension of 50,000 pounds & sent to England for higher studies
 & later converted to Christianity. The Kohinoor was gifted to Queen Victoria.
1852Second Anglo Burmese war. English successful
1878-80Second Anglo Afghan war. English suffered losses.
1885-87Third Anglo Burmese war. English annexed Burma
1919-21Third Anglo Afghan war. English though victorious did not benefit from the war.

 

 

Join Our Telegram Channel

 

Subscribe on YouTube

 

 

     Important Treaties   
 Treaty of Pondicherry  After the II Carnatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was
     accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic.   
 Treaty of Mangalore  Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army
1784  from Carnatic & English withdrew theirs from the Carnatic.
 Treaty of Seringapattam  After III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu had to pay heavy war indemnity & send as
1792  hostages his two sons to the English. Half of his territory was ceded. He paid
     the war indemnity & his two sons were released.   
 Treaty of Amritsar 1809 Signed between British & Ranjit Singh in which the latter recognized their
     rights in the Cis-Sutlej areas.   
 Treaty of Sagauli  After Anglo Nepalese war. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai
     region& ceded claim over the areas of Kumaon & Garhwal to the British.
 Treaty of Lahore  After the first Anglo Sikh war. The territories lying to the south of river
     Sutlej  were given to the company.   
     Land Settlements   
 Zamindari System (19%)Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carnatic. 
     90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) 
 Mahalwari System (30%)Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility 
     of paying revenue was with the entire village or mahal. (Based on 
     traditional Indian system of economic community) 
 Ryotwari system (51%)  Bombay & Madras presidencies, Assam, Berar & certain other parts. Land 
     revenue was fixed for 20-40 years at a time (French in Origin) 
     Books/Articles & Authors (Modern)   
  Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) Jyotiba Phule 
  Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) Raja Rammohun Roy 
  Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji Jyotiba Phule 
  New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) Aurobindo Ghosh 
  Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) Aurobindo Ghosh 
  Indian War of Independence (seized by British) V.D. Savarkar 
  Loyal Muhammadans of India Sayyid Ahmad Khan 
  Tahaib-al-Akhlaq    Sayyid Ahmad Khan 
  Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting) Sayyed Ahmad Khan 
  Neel Darpan    Dinbandhu Mitra 
  How did America get Freedom Ram Prasad Bismil 
  The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi, Ram Prasad Bismil 
  Revolutionary Life       
  Systematic History of Ancient India V.A. Smith 
  Hindu Polity    K.P. Jayaswal 
  Political History of Ancient India H.C. Raychaudhary 
  A History of Ancient India; A history of South India K.A. Nilkant Shastri 
  Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; R.K. Mookerji 
  Fundamental Unity of India    
  History of Dharmashastra P.V. Kane 
  The Wonder That was India A.L. Basham 
   Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations   

 

 

 

Atmiya Sabha (1815)Raja Rammohun Roy
Brahmo Samaj (1828)Raja Rammohun Roy.
Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged withMahrishi Devendranath Tagore.
Brahmo Samaj in 1842 
Indian national Social ConferenceM.G. Ranade
Harijan Sevak SanghMahatma Gandhi
Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873)Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression)
Shri Narayana Dharma Partiplana YogamaShri Narayan Guru (fight caste oppression)
South Indian Liberal Federation (later becameT. Teagaraja & T.M. Nair (Self respect)
justice party & then Dravida Kazhagam) 
Prarthana Samaj (1867)Atma Ram Pandurang
Arya Samaj (1875)Swami Dayanand
Servants of India Society (1905)Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Rejected Knighthood)
Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha (1893 atChapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna.
Nasik) 
Abhinav BharatV.D. Savarkar
New India AssociationV.D. Savarkar
Anushilan SamitiAurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P.
 Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya & Bhupendra Dutta
Patriotic AssociationSayyid Ahmad Khan
Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Defence AssociationSayyid Ahmad Khan
Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924)B.R. Ambedkar
Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg SabhaB.R. Ambedkar

 

 Movements/Organizations
Aligarh MovementSir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
DeobandRepresented  by  Mohammad  Qasim  Nanautavi  &  Rashid  Ahmad  Gangohi.
MovementNanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was
 strictly  based  on  Islamic  tradition unlike liberal  Aligarh movement.   The  also
 promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat
 Ullah  Sahib  founded  the,  ‘Jamaitul  Ulema-i-Hind’  to  further  work  in  this
 direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement.
Muslim LeagueNawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim
 Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was
 prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at
 Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported
 partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the
 league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat
 Ali & M.A. Ansari.
Home Rule LeagueEstd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president &
 other   members   included   Arundale,   P.C.   Ramaswamy   Iyer,   V.P.   Wadia.
 Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune.
ChamparanEuropean  planters  forced  the  farmers  to  cultivate  Indigo  on  atleast  3/20
Satyagraha 1917(Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani,
 Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of
 which even Gandhi was a member.
Kheda SatyagrahaKheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha

 

 

 

 

1918the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could
 afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi.
Ahmedabad MillMahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast
Problem 1918unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn
 was main lieutenant of Gandhi here.
Rowlatt ActIn March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any
 Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was
 organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin
 Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally).
Jallianwala BaghDemanded  to  know  the  whereabouts  of  Satyapal  and  Kitchlew  throught  the
Massacrereciting of  the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th  April, 1919). Martial
 law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An
 enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title.
Khilafat MovementSultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey.
 Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari,
 Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the
 Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to
 Constantinople.
Non CooperationApproval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie
1920-22Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took
 their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia
 were set up. No Congress leader contested for elections. Mass demonstrations
 before  Duke  of  Connaught  &  Prince  of  wales.  Tilak  Swarajya  Fund  was
 established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP
 incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das
 formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a
 purpose not to let the movement lapse.
AITUCFormed  in  1920  with  Lotvala’s  help.  M.N  Roy,  Muzzafarabad  Ahmad,  S.  A
1920Dange  &  Shaukat  Osmani  led  the  trade  unionist  movements.  The  Britishers
 leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them.
Swaraj PartySuspension   of   Non   Cooperation   movement   disoriented   the   leadership.
 Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support
 the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C.
 Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at
 Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party
 got  clear  majority  in  the  Central  legislature  &  Provincial  legislatures  except
 Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened &
 further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it
 suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras.
HindustanEstablished in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil,
RepublicJogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori
Associaiton 1924Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a
 major  setback.However,  the  group  was  reorganized  under  the  leadership  of
 Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan
 Vohra  and  Sukhdev  on  9  and  10  September  1928-  and  the  group  was  now
 christened Hindustan Socialist  Republican  Association (HSRA).  Bhagat  Singh,
 Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
Communist PartyWas declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an

 

 

 

of India 1925agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the
 quit India movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put
 forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states.
Bardoli SatyagrahaIn Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised
 the tax rate by 30% despite famine.
All India StatesFormed  in  1926  whose  first  session  was  held  under  the  presidentship  of  the
People Conferencefamous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai.
SimonThe purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7
Commissionmember commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration
 under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of
 Simon  Commission  was  published  in  May  1930.  It   stated  the  constitutional
 experiment  with  Dyarchy  was  unsuccessful  &  in  its  place  recommended  the
 establishment  of  autonomous  government.  It  recommended  special  powers  to
 governor  general  &  governors  to  look  after  the  interest  of  minorities,
 strengthening  the  centre,  increasing  electorate  base  on  communal  basis,
 Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay.
 The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became
 a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935.
Nehru Report,Secretary  of  State,  Lord  Birkenhead  challenged  the  Indians  to  produce  a
1928constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8
 member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur
 Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R
 Pradhan.  The  report  was  placed  before  Congress  Session  in  Calcutta  in  1928
 where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities
 instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar
 Kharak  Singh  rejected  it.  Later  Jinnah  convened  an  All  India  Conference  of
 Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the
 dominion status.
Dandi MarchReached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched
April 1930the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept
 themselves  aloof  but  in  the  NWFP  an  organization  of  Khudai  Khidmatgar
 (Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi)
 participated in full.
I Round tableHeld under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues
Conferenceas it was opposed by congress.
Nov 1930 
Gandhi Irwin PactAs  per  it  Gandhi  agreed  to  suspend  the  Civil  Disobedience  Movement  &
March 1931participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not
 like this pact.
II Round TableAt London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached.
Conference 1931In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed.
McDonaldThe British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which
Communal Awardthe depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi
1932went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the
 consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona
 Act’.  The  British  government  also  approved  it.  Accordingly  148  seats  were
 reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award.
III Round TableThe  congress  once  more  didn’t  take  part  in  it.  None  the  less  the  British

 

 

 

Conference 1932Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935.
 Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933
Congress Socialistfounded  in  1934  by  Jai  Praksh  Narain  &  Acharya  Narendra  Deva  within  the
Party 1934Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist
 Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of
 Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP.
 After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP
 Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India.
  
August Offer 1940Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to
 frame the new constitution.
IndividualStarted in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were
Satyagraha 1940the first 3 satyagrahis.
Cripps MissionViceroy  Lord  Linlithgow  expanded  is  Executive  council  by  taking  five  more
1942Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the
 princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak
 also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan.
Quit IndiaThe fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In
Movementthe midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at
1942-44Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist
 Party  whith  its  leaders  like  Ram  Manohar  Lohia,  Achyuta  Patwardhan  played
 important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by &
 large remained indifferent.
INACaptain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a
 the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence
 League.  The  name  of  the  brigades  were  Subhash,  Gandhi,  Nehru  &  Rani
 Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to
 him. He named  them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army
 marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan
 accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island.
C.R. Formula 1944To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March
 1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan.
Wavell Plan &The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt
Shimla Conferencewith  the  Indian  demand  of  self-rule  &  reconstitution  of  viceroy’s  executive
1945council  giving  a  balanced  representation  to  the  major  communities.  Executive
 council  was  an  interim  arrangement  in  which  all  but  the  Viceory  &  the
 Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be
 held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence
 that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league
 muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council.
Cabinet MissionPathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander.
1946Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India
 comprising  both  British  India  &  princely  states  (only  foreign,  defence  &
 communication).  A  constitutional  assembly  was  to  be  formed  consisting  of
 representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal
 basis in proportion to the population of each province. Envisaged interim govt &
 said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not
 withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946.
ElectionsFollowing cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214

 

 

 

  general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of
  78  Muslim  seats.  Jinnah  became  greatly  disturbed  by  the  election  results.  He
  demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later
  16  August  1946  was  fixed  as  direct  action  day to withdraw its  acceptance  of
  cabinet  mission  plan.  Communal  riots  broke  out  in  Bengal,  United  Province,
  Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as
  head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi.
  However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government.
INA TrailsHeld at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the
  case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S.
  Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal.
RIN Mutiny 1946Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put
  up INA badges.
Mountbatten PlanMountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India
  in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim &
  non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join.
  The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held
  in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh
  was to decide whether to join India or not.
Indian IndependeceThe British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th    July 1947.
Act 1947Partition on 15th  August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two
  dominions.  Abolition  of  the  post  of  secretary  of  state  for  India.   Pending  the
  adoption  of  new  constitution,  the  administration  of  the  two  dominions  &  the
  provinces  would  be  carried  on  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the
  government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General &
  the  Provincial  governors  would  be  ceased.  Jinnah  became  the  first  governor
  general of Pakistan.
Unification DriveOn 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover.
  He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all
  the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th  August. In Kashmir Hari Singh
  sent  his  PM  Meharchand  Mahajan  with  the  signed  papers  for  the  merger.  In
  Hyderabad  the  nawab  wanted  to  continue  his  arbitary  rule  with  the  help  of
  Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of
  accession signed.
Pondicherry & GoaThe  other  French  territories  were  Karaikal,  Mahe,Yanam  &  Chandernagore.
  Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the
  French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal
  transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of
  Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987.

Books/Articles & Authors (Modern)

by
Subscribe on YouTube
   
Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) Jyotiba Phule
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) Raja Rammohun Roy
Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji Jyotiba Phule
New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) Aurobindo Ghosh
Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) Aurobindo Ghosh
Indian War of Independence (seized by British) V.D. Savarkar
Loyal Muhammadans of India Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Tahaib-al-Akhlaq    Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting) Sayyed Ahmad Khan
Neel Darpan    Dinbandhu Mitra
How did America get Freedom Ram Prasad Bismil
The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi, Ram Prasad Bismil
Revolutionary Life     
Systematic History of Ancient India V.A. Smith
Hindu Polity    K.P. Jayaswal
Political History of Ancient India H.C. Raychaudhary
A History of Ancient India; A history of South India K.A. Nilkant Shastri
Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; R.K. Mookerji
Fundamental Unity of India  
History of Dharmashastra P.V. Kane
The Wonder That was India A.L. Basham
Join Our Telegram Channel

31.01.18 Arunachal Pradesh(APPSC) Current Affairs

by

NORTH-EASTERN STATES

  • Nagaland receives no instruction from EC

 

  • Nagaland state election authority has not received any instruction from the Election Commission 24 hours after all major political parties agreed not to contest the upcoming assembly polls slated for February 27 alleging the Centre’s failure to resolve the main political problem.

 

  • According to state election department sources, the authority was aware of the decision and they passed the message to the ElectionCommission.

 

  • Many political functionaries in Kohima callerstate chief election officer Abhijeet Sinha on Tuesday who said that they won’t halt the process until they receive any instruction from the country’s poll panel which announced the poll scheduled two weeks back.

 

  • All major political parties on Monday signed a joint statement prepared by the civil society organizations not to contest the polls without a complete solution of the vexed decade old problem.

 

 

INTERNATIONAL

 

  • India and Asian Development Bank (ADB) sign $250 Million Loan

 

  • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India have signed a $250 million loan to finance the construction of 6,254 kilometers all-weather rural roads in the States of Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal under the Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Program (PMGSY).

 

  • The First Tranche Loan is part of the $500 million Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program for India approved by the ADB Board in December 2017.

 

  • The program is aimed at improving rural connectivity, facilitating safer and more efficient access to livelihood and socio-economic opportunities for rural communities through improvements to about 12,000 kilometers Rural Roads across the 5 States.

 

·        India Ranks 6th In The List Of Wealthiest Countries

 

Join Our Telegram Channel
  • India ranked sixth in the list of wealthiest countries with the total wealth of 8,230 billion US dollars.
  • The list was topped by the United States of America, according to a report by New World Wealth.
  • He was the best-performing wealth market globally in 2017 as its total wealth swelled from 6,584 billion dollars in 2016 to 8,230 billion dollars in 2017, registering a 25% growth.

 

 

  • India ranks 62th in inclusive development index by World Economic Forum

 

Inclusive Development Index

 

  • 103 countries
  • 74 –developing countries
  • India ranked 62th
  • Three individual pillars — growth and development; inclusion; and inter-generational equity — has been divided into two parts. The first part covers 29 advanced economies and the second 74 emerging economies.

 

  • Growth score (6 level)— receding, slowly receding, stable, slowly advancing and advancing.

 

  • The top-five most inclusive emerging economies are Lithuania, Hungary, Azerbaijan, Latvia and Poland.

 

  • India ranks 72nd for inclusion, 66th for growth and development and 44th for inter-generational equity.

 

  • Three parameters -Standard of living-  Environment stability – future generation indebtedness

 

  • India is above only from South africa in BRICS countries.

 

NATIONAL

 

Subscribe on YouTube

·        India becomes third largest producer of crude steel

 

  • According to a recent report published by World Steel Association (WSA), India overtook the US to become the world’s third-largest steel producer in 2018.
  • China has remained world leader by producing 831.7 MT in 2017, up 5.7% from 786.9 MT in the year-ago period.
  • Japan is second largest global steel producer.
  • The Global steel production had reached 1,691.2 MT in 2017, up by 5.3% compared to 2016 when output was 1,606.3 MT.
  • It includes over 160 steel producers with 9 of the 10 largest steel companies, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes.
  • It was founded in July 1967 and is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

 

  • Stree Swabhiman Initiative launched for Women Health and Hygiene

 

  • The Information Technology and Electronics Ministry of the country has announced to launch the new scheme initiative under Stree Swabhiman Drive.

  • The new initiative has been introduced by the Ministry and CSC to ensure and maintain perfect health for Women and at the same time to maintain Health Hygiene.

 

  • Prime Minister to launch Khelo India School Games in the Capital

 

  • Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will launch the first Khelo India School Games at Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium in New Delhi on January 31, 2018.

 

  • The Khelo India programme has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and establishing India as a great sporting nation.

 

  • Talented players identified in priority sports disciplines at various levels by a High-Powered Committee will be provided annual financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.

 

  • The Khelo India School Games are being held from 31st January to 8th February, 2018 in New Delhi.

 

  • It is being implemented in 150 Colleges and 20 Universities.

 

  • Under-17 athletes have been invited to participate across 16 disciplines.

 

·        India to witness super blue moon with lunar eclipse

  • India would witness a ‘super blue blood‘ moon between 5:15 PM and 7:37 PM on as the Moon goes from east to west.
  • Occurring for the first time since 1866, the second Full Moon of the month, often called a Blue Moon, would coincide with a lunar eclipse giving it a blood-red tint, with the Moon also being a supermoon.

 

·        Indian Navy launches third Scorpene class submarine Karanj

 

  • The Indian Navy launched ‘Karanj,’the third Scorpene class submarine.
  • The submarine, constructed by shipbuilder Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL)in Mumbai.
  • The first of the six Scorpene-class submarines, Kalvari, was commissioned into the Indian Navy by Prime Minister Narendra Modi last month.
  • He had called its induction a big step in the country’s defense preparedness.
  • On the occasion, Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had called submarine building a sophisticated and exacting craft, which only a handful of countries possess in their industrial capacity.

 

  • The second one, INS Khandari, was launched on January 12 this year is currently undergoing sea trials.

 

  • The Scorpene submarines are a primary modernization requirement of the Indian Navy, which is currently faced with an ageing submarine fleet, and that too when the Chinese navy has a growing presence in the Indian Ocean.

 

  • The technology being used for construction of the Scorpene class submarines has ensured superior stealth features such as advanced acoustic silencing techniques, low radiated noise levels and hydrodynamically optimized shape. These stealth features give it an invulnerability, unmatched by most submarine.

 

·        Environment Minister Harshvardhan Launches PetaFlop Super Computer

 

  • Environment Minister Harshvardhan launched a 8 PetaFlop capacityhigh-performance computer system ‘Mihir’ in Noida.
  • The system will be able to predict weather and climate accurately. This will be helpful in addressing the various issues of agriculture operations and fishing in the country.
  • The system will help the department in predicting severe climate-related calamities and warnings for fishermen.
  • With the launch of the system, India has joined the elite 30 member group of countries which have this advanced technology.

Decentralized planning

by

Decentralized Planning is a type of planning where local organisations and institutions formulate, adopt, execute actions and supervise the plan without interference by the central body. Decentralized planning in the State operated mainly through the following institutions and instruments; Grama Sabha (GS): People’s participation in decentralization was sought to be ensured mainly through meetings of the GP ward level Grama Sabha, chaired by the ward member.

There are following major dimensions of decentralization:

(i) Financial:- the transfer of revenue, budgeting and expenditure authority to local elected bodies.

Subscribe on YouTube

(ii) Administrative:-the transfer of functional responsibilities in various sectors as well as staff resources to the jurisdiction of elected local governments

(iii) Political:- the transfer of policy and legislative powers to local councils that have been democratically elected and establishment of mechanisms of accountability to local constituents

Panchayats are mentioned in Rig Veda, which is believed to have been composed more than 1000 years before Christ. The five members of the Panchayat of the village were known as Pancha Parameswar, or the five godly persons. Kings were respectful towards them. The Panchayat distributed land, collected revenue and settled disputes in the village. However, the Panchayats suffered a steady decline later under feudal and Moghul rules. A new class of feudal chiefs called zamindars came to function as a link between the king and the people.

Lord Ripon, who is regarded as the father of local-self government in India. He attached importance to both administrative efficiency as well as political education at the local level.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992, which gave Constitutional status to panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs) respectively, in both letter and spirit in order to bring about greater decentralisation and increase the involvement of the community in planning and implementing schemes and, thus, increase accountability.

The Amendments left important matters such as implementation, service delivery (including local capacity building) and transfer of responsibilities and powers to rural local bodies at the discretion of the state legislatures. Consequently, while expenditure responsibilities of local bodies are extensively enhanced, there is no law to ensure a corresponding assignment of funds to match the additional responsibilities.

The District Planning Committee was made under the Constitution (74th) Amendment Act, 1992. Accordingly, there shall be a District Planning Committee at the district level to consolidate the plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.

Join Our Telegram Channel
  • Village/Ward Committee: Micro visioning & planning – linking vision to individual/family
  • Gram Panchayat:Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
  • Intermediate Panchayat:Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
  • Zilla Panchayat:-Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
  • District Planning Committee :Integration & Consolidation

The Eleventh’ Schedule of the Constitution has recommended 29 subjects for devolution to Panchayats. The most important rationale for decentralized planning is direct involvement of the people in addressing their own development. An intervention which has impact only at the local level and can be organized locally is best left to the Panchayat to organize the same.

Finance Commission

by

Under the Constitution the financial resources of the State are very limited though they have to do many works of social uplift under directive principles. In order to cope with their ever-expanding needs, the Central Government makes grants-in-aid to the States. Grant- in-aid to States , through it Central Government exercises a strict control over the States because grants are granted subject to certain conditions.

The Indian constitution provides for a federal framework with powers divided between the Centre and the states. The Financial powers entrusted by the Constitution reflect a clear asymmetry between the taxation powers and the functional responsibili-ties, with the Centre being assigned taxes with higher revenue potential and States being entrusted with more functional responsibilities.  The Constitution provides, under Article 280, the institutional mechanism of Finance Commission and other enabling provisions for the transfer of resources from the Centre.

The Role of the Finance Commission under Indian Constitution are to make recommendation to the President with regard to following matters:
a) To determine the scheme that governs the matters relating to the distribution of net proceeds of taxes which are in the divisible pool, between the Centre and States.
b) To make recommendations, to determine the principle that would regulate or govern the revenues to the States from the Central Revenue in the form of Grant in Aid to the needy States
c) This function of the Commission is included by the way of 73rd and 74 Constitutional Amendment to strengthen the financial Status of the local bodies by providing the supplement to the resources of the Panchayats and Municipalities in the States on the basis of the recommendation of State Finance Commission from the Consolidated fund of the State.
d) The last function of the Commission as provided by the Constitution under Article 280 3(d) is very vast any matter relating to the Fiscal interest between the intergovernmental bodies can be referred to the Commission by the President, These function or Terms of Reference, which broadly fixed by the Constitution itself; while at the same time an element of flexibility is built into these terms of reference under sub clause (d) of Article 280(3). Under this Clause the President has a power to refer any matter to the Commission ‘in the interests of sound finance.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992, which gave Constitutional status to panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies (ULBs) respectively, in both letter and spirit in order to bring about greater decentralisation and increase the involvement of the community in planning and implementing schemes and, thus, increase accountability.

The Amendments left important matters such as implementation, service delivery (including local capacity building) and transfer of responsibilities and powers to rural local bodies at the discretion of the state legislatures. Consequently, while expenditure responsibilities of local bodies are extensively enhanced, there is no law to ensure a corresponding assignment of funds to match the additional responsibilities.

The State Finance Commissions are required to recommend financial support from the state and principles for determination of taxes, tolls and fees that could be assigned to or appropriated by the local bodies

Article 243I of the Indian Constitution prescribes that the Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and to make recommendations to the Governor as to

Subscribe on YouTube

The principles which should govern

 

Join Our Telegram Channel
  1. The distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective shares of such proceeds;
  2. The determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned as, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
  3. The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State;

 

State Finance Commission

by

The State Finance Commissions are required to recommend financial support from the state and principles for determination of taxes, tolls and fees that could be assigned to or appropriated by the local bodies

Article 243I of the Indian Constitution prescribes that the Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, and thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and to make recommendations to the Governor as to

Subscribe on YouTube

The principles which should govern

Join Our Telegram Channel

 

  1. The distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective shares of such proceeds;
  2. The determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned as, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
  3. The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State;

Our APPSCE Notes Courses

PDF Notes for Prelims Exam

Printed Notes for Prelims Exam

Mock Test Series for Prelims Exam

PDF Notes for Mains Exam

Printed Notes for Mains Exam

Mock Test Series for Mains Exam

Daily Mains Answer Writing Program

APPSCE Mains Exam

APPSCE Prelims Exam

Admit Card

Syllabus & Exam Pattern

Previous Year Papers

Eligibility Criteria

Results

Answer Key

Cut Off

Recommended Books

Exam Analysis

Posts under APPSC

Score Card

Apply Online

Selection Process

Exam Dates

Exam Highlights

Notifications

Vacancies

Exam Pattern

Prelims Syllabus

Mains Syllabus

Study Notes

Application Form

Expected Cut-Off

Salary & Benefits

Mock Tests

Preparation Tips

Study Plan

Combined Competitive Examination (APPSCCE)
Assistant Engineer (Civil)
Assistant Engineer (Electrical)
Junior Engineer (Civil)
Junior Engineer (Electrical/Mechanical/Electronics/Telecommunication/Computer Engineering)
Assistant Audit Officer (AAO)
Assistant Section Officer (ASO)
Senior Personal Assistant (SPA)
Research Officer (RO)
Law Officer cum Junior Draftsman
Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF)
Range Forest Officer (RFO)
Horticulture Development Officer (HDO)
Agriculture Development Officer (ADO)
Veterinary Officer
General Duty Medical Officer (GDMO)
Junior Specialist (Allopathy/Dental)
Medical Physicist
Lady Medical Officer
Sub-Inspector (Civil/IRBN)
Sub-Inspector (Telecommunication & Radio Technician)
Assistant System Manager
Computer Programmer
Assistant Programmer
Assistant Director (Training)
Assistant Auditor
Section Officer (LDCE)
Field Investigator
Foreman (Department of Printing)
Principal (ITI)
Principal (Law College)
Lecturer (Government Polytechnic)
Lecturer (DIET)
Post Graduate Teacher (PGT)
Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT)
Teacher-cum-Librarian
Finance & Accounts Officer / Treasury Officer
Inspector (Legal Metrology & Consumer Affairs)
Assistant Engineer (Agri-Irrigation Department)
Assistant Director (Cottage Industries)
Language Officer (Assamese / Bodo / Bengali)

[jetpack_subscription_form title=”Subscribe to APPSC Notes” subscribe_text=”Never Miss any APPSC important update!” subscribe_button=”Sign Me Up” show_subscribers_total=”1″]