rawan239, Author at Arunachal Pradesh PCS Free Notes

Fishing in Arunachal Pradesh

June 6, 2017October 5, 2024 by rawan239

Agriculture is the predominant sector in Arunachal Pradesh, the eastern most State of India, with more than 60 per cent of workforce engaged in agricultural and allied activities. Given the hilly topography (only around five per cent land is available for cultivation) and continuing dominance of low productive shifting cultivation, diversification of agriculture that raises the earnings of those dependent on agriculture remains one of the fundamental challenges. On the other hand the State has untapped potential for fisheries in terms of many rivers, wetlands, ponds, lakes and area under rice-fish culture system. Hence, in this background fishing presents a good livelihood options for Arunachal Pradesh.

Introduction Fish from times immemorial had been an important dietary food of the people of the state. Fishing is not merely a hobby or sport, but a subsidiary occupation of agricultural farmers. It is a means of living. Fish is also connected with religious taboo. According to the belief of the people, the success or failure of commercial fishing depends on good and bad harvest. On the whole, people had no background knowledge even for traditional fish farming.
The fisheries programme was first initiated from the year 1958 – 59 on a very modest scale and with the passage of time and expansion of the programme, pisciculture has taken a firm root in this state and the people are now seeking more and more Govt. assistance for this purpose. At present the people are more eager to take up fish farming as a means of subsidiary income. Caste or creed attributes this to the fact that the rural people are basically agricultural farmers and no “FISHREMAN” exists in the state.
So long the people had to depend on the nature for the fish protein but due to destruction / indiscriminate killing the population has gone down leading to even barrenness in most of the water resources. Further, the scientific method has helped the people to culture the fish in confinement and the crops can be taken out as and when required from their door – step (so the proverb – “Fish in a pond is like the monkey in a bank.”). Fisheries are now regarded as one of the developing sector involved in the socio-economic upliftment of the rural population of the state. It also helps in the generation of the employment i.e. providing scope for the “RIGHT TO WORK” and on the process contributing to the mobilisation of the resources. Besides, pisciculture is an activity in which the women also has the accessibility in this profession and it is also a fact that in many years of the State the women has taken up fish husbandry. The state of Arunachal Pradesh occupying the North-Eastern proximity of the country is characterized by the hilly terrain and criss-crossed by a number of rivers/streams along with a good number of beels in the lower belt and lakes in the middle and higher belts adding to the scenic beauty of its topography. The state has 7000 ha and 2000 Km of lentic and iotic water resources respectively. Of which, 30-40% is falling in the cold water zone of the state. The state is also the happy home for the rich fish fauna with more than 150 fish species. Out of which 20% represents the cold water forms and the remaining 80% is contributed by the admixture of cold and warm water species. The role of the Govt. in the Fishery sector is for the formulation and implementation of various schemes befitting to the topography and climatic conditions of the state. In this process, the objectives are (a) To provide supplementary nutritional diet. (b) To provide income to the state. (c) At least part-time / occasional employment to the farmers of the state. Nevertheless, the Fisheries could be one of the potential areas to overcome the burning un-employment problems particularly for the rural youths and thus calls for taking up people’s participation programme i.e. mass awareness programme. This is presently being covered under “Extension & Training” programme by organising Melas, Exhibition and also various specific training programmes. Development Schemes 1.Rural Aquaculture: For development excavation of new ponds through peoples participation with necessary Govt. subsidy assisted as per the following pattern. Item Estimated Cost Govt. subsidy (a)Const. Of fish pond Rs. 3.00 lakhs/ha 25% subsidy (b)Supply of inputs Rs. 0.30 lakh/ha 25% subsidy The estimated production under this scheme varies between Rs. 7,500/- per ha. The response of the farmer is very encouraging under this programme and there is a great pressure for more assistance. This programme is also being carried out through FFDA (Fish Farmers Development Agency) under CSS (Centrally Sponsored Scheme) programme. 2.Paddy-cum-fish culture :
This also a subsidy scheme against which technical guidance towards development of Paddy plots and subsidy against inputs i.e. fish seed and TPT etc. are provided. Through this programme, Common Carp variety of fish is raised alongwith the Paddy. The programme is very popular in Apatani Plateau, Ziro in Lower Subansiri District and it has become an established system with an estimated production of 150 – 250 Kgs/ha/100-120 days without application of feed/fertilizers which also enhance the Paddy production.

This programme has also been disseminated to other parts of the State also. To solve the problem of Fish Seed against this Programme, a Regional High Altitude Fish Seed Farm at Tarin near Ziro township established during 1981 – 85 through NEC assistance.

3.Reclamation of Beels/Lakes : This is a programme for both in the Private and Govt. sector for Capture and Culture fisheries for production of Table fish. Under Private sector scheme fish seeds are provided.

4. Cold Water Fishery : This is a programme for introduction of exotic/endomic trout s in snow-fed streams and other areas including establishment of trout farm/hatchery in Govt. sector.

In view of the scope for cold water fisheries in the high altitude areas, the concept for Trout Farming had come up from the year 1967 – 68 for replenishment of the local resources which was also mostly devoid of local fish The favourable water temperature ranging from below freezing point to as high as 20 C led to the establishment of 1^st Trout Hatchery along the stream of Nuranang at an altitude of about 12000 ft. in Tawang District with the Brown Trout seed imported from Jammu & Kashmir. Subsequently, t he encouraging results of Trout farming could be further disseminated by way of establishment of another Trout Hatchery at Shergaon, West Kameng District located at an elevation of 8000 ft. for culture of both Brown & Rainbow Trout; the latter imported from Himachal Pradesh during 1974-75.

Another big trout Hatchery Farm being established at Samteng in West Kameng District under NEC funding and will be commissioned soon.

The Trout farming of Arunachal Pradesh has also drawn the attention of other neighbouring hill States like Nagaland, Meghalaya, ICAR etc and they had imported Trout seed on many a times from this State.

5.Fishers Extension & Training : This is a programme for the creation of training infrastructure, training of fish farmers and manpower development. For farmers training programme, training expenses/stipend etc. is being borne by the Govt. for short term training courses between 10 to 15 days and some times the trainees / farmers are sent to other states for training under central assistance.

6. To support the Peoples Programme for all round Fisheries development activities of the State, the department also operates many Fish / Fish Seed farms as demonstration farm and to ensure quanlity fish seed to the farmer. Some Beel Fisheries, Trout Hatcheries along with some Pilot Projects like Running Water Fish Culture, Magur Culture etc. are also being taken up under the Govt. sector for which necessary funding is being provided by the State Govt. as well as NEC. Under CSS programme major schemes like 2(two) Fish Farmers Development Agency are also in operation in the State.

Special Features / Achievements

Composite Fish Culture of six species combination has been very successful in foot –hill area of the State through beneficiaries participation in many of the district viz. Balijan, Doimukh&Kimin Circle in Papumpare District; Ziro& Raga in Lower Subsnsiri District; Dumporijo&Baririjo in Upper Subansiri District, East & West Siang District, Namsai&Jairampur in Changlang District etc.

Hill district particularly West Kameng and Lower Subsnsiri where fisheries Programme has made tremendous impact and the Women-flok particularly in the Ziro area are integrating Fish Culture with Agriculture & Horticulture and desires special mention. Paddy-cum-fish Culture is one of the most popular programme in the State. Paddy-cum-fish Culture in Apatani Plateau beyong 5000 ft is the first of its kind in the NE Region. And at the instance of Govt. of India which appreciating programme approved for production of a documentary film, which is available wit h the DIPR, Govt. of Arunchal Pradesh.

– Mahaseer – The Premier Sport Fish abound in the State. This potential resource led to the holding of an International Angling Festival” consecutive for two years and the prospects for Tourism needs no further elaboration.

– Cold Water fishery – TROUT FISHERY both Brown and Rainbow Trout variety being cultured for stocking the cold water resources has gained popularity for providing recreation to the Defence personal posted in the forward areas of West Kameng&Tawang district and the State is therefore regarded as the Pioneering State in the field in the N.E.Region.

– Fish Breeding through Echo-hatcheries for the Indian major Carps (Rohu,Mrigal,Catla,Gonius) & Exotic Carps (Silver Carp & Grass Carp) at EmchiPapumare District and Lathao in Lohit District and Trout Breeding(Brown & Rainbow) in West Kameng&Tawang District are yet another milestone of achievement in the field of Fisheries.

SWOT ANALYSIS:
SWOT analysis provides a good framework of reviewing position and proposing strategy and direction of any development proposition.
STRENGTH:

· Vast & varied unutilized and underutilized natural resources.

· Altitudinal variation with distinct agro climate condition.

· Rice in Fish biodiversity.

· Assured market for Fish.

WEAKNESS:

· Low priority in planning and decision making process leading to low level of support/incentive to fisheries sector.

· Inadequate development Focus.

· Rudimentary extension service system.

· Poor and disintegrated database on the magnitude of dynamics of exploitable and cultivable aquatic resources.

· Poorly motivated staff.

· Weak/ non-existent co-operative and other functional groups.

· Non-availability of agro climatic zone specific aquaculture technology.

· Non availability of quality Fish Feed & seed on demand and location.

· Lack of backup infrastructures for Feed & seed production.

· Lack of post harvest infrastructure, market research and weak linkage facilities.

· Sparse distribution of resources and communication bottle neck.

· Lack of professionalism and knowledge about aquaculture as its technology.

· Low productivity.

· Inadequate co-ordination with research institution, weak technology transfer at farmer’s level.

· Lack of local capacity for capital investment.

· Lack of indigenous expertise/ technologies and lack of trained personnel.

· Lack of comprehensive policy for fishing promotion and regulation for sustainability.

OPPORTUNITIES:

· Huge untapped and underutilized resources for development of aquaculture / culture based capture fishery and other enhanced fisheries.

· Immense scope for diversification, integrated farming, polyculture, monoculture etc.

· Growing demand for quality fish seed and table fish.

· Abundant possibilities for development of cold water and ornamental fisheries.

· Huge potential for development of fish based eco tourism for sustained income and entrepreneurship development.

· Expansion of paddy cum fish culture.

· Cross Sectoral convergence.

THREATS:

· Erratic climatic condition.

· Abrupt occurrence of natural calamities.

· Over exploitation of open water resources and use of destructive method of fishing.

· Menace of Poaching.

· Poor compliance of acts and regulation.

· Illegal and forceful extraction of river bed materials, destroying breeding ground and hahitar.

· Gradual siltation of ponds and tanks.

· Effects of climate change.

SWOT analysis clearly indicates that positive aspects (strength and opportunities) far exceed the negative side (weakness and threats). Therefore it deserves priority in planning process. Development of the sector is also expected to help the state the achieving its core objectives, livelihood and nutritional security, reduction of rural poverty and growing rural economy.

Approaches for dealing within four object of SWAT framework will be as:-

· Strength – By maintaining, Building and scaling up.

· Opportunities – By prioritizing, optimizing and availing.

· Weakness – By Secking remedies and alternatives.

· Threat – By countering, and mitigating negative impact.

VISION 2030 fishing

Introduction:

Arunachal Pradesh with its vast inland fishery resources in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and tanks, beels, marshy lands offers tremendous scope for fisheries. Apart from sustaining large number of commercially important food fishes it also supports wide varieties of ornamental and sport fishes. Land available in most part of the state is undulated and hilly terrain that makes it some what difficult to develop fisheries on commercial lines/ except for foot hills and valleys. Aquaculture till recent past ism practiced in small perennial home stead ponds, mostly on traditional lines. On the other hand catching fish in open water, ponds and tanks has always formed the rural livelihood and means for food security.
As against diverse recourses resources only substantial portion of it has been exploited and brought under systematic and judicious management, while leaving majority of the resource unexplored or still in their pristine condition. Aquaculture/ Fishery development in the state started late, however community fishing was prevalent since time immemorial.
Inspite of having such a huge potential and promising avenues in fisheries/aquaculture sector, much could not be achieved. It still lags in harnessing these bounties because of various factors and investment being one of them. The sector only needs public and private participation, policy intervention and investment flow which will make this sector vibrant and development oriented.
The department since its inception is devoted to development of aquaculture/fishery in the state. Initially the pace of development was slow and with the passage of time it has scaled up. To further accelerate the pace, the department has envisaged some vision and priorities and pursued it with utmost sincerity and dedication in the larger interest of the state and the welfare of farmers. Without setting an objective/goal it wouldn’t have been possible to achieve the progress as of today. With changing scenario and in tune with the demand and emerging opportunities in fisheries sector vision for holistic development of aquaculture and fisheries in the state is redefined as.
Vision:
“Transforming rural poverty to prosperity through fisheries and aquaculture Development”

· Judicious and gainful utilization of resources.

· Enhancing production and productivity of fish and fish seed with increase in per capita Consumption of fish.

· Sustainable Aquaculture/Fishery development.

· Transformation of rural economy ensuring livelihood support and protein security.

· Strengthening of backup facilities/infrastructures to accelerate development of aquaculture/Fishery.

· Promotion of cold water fisheries.

· Promotion of ornamental fish culture.

· Extensive and effective extension network.

· Introduction of better management techniques/practices and innovative scheme.

· Conservation of fish/aquatic bio-diversity.

Mission: “Multifold increase in fish production through technology driven aquaculture involving community for sustainable development of fisheries for poverty alleviation, livelihood support, food and nutritional security and accelerating inclusive economic growth”

· Provide technical guidance to all aqua-culturist and development entrepreneurship

· Enhance production of table fish seed by introducing best available culture and management practices.

· Introduce agro-climatic zone specific culture techniques with backup support.

· Tie up with reputed organization/research institutions for technology support and technology up gradation

· Facilitate and channelize funding from financial institutions and organizations.

· Explore market and assistance for marketing.

· Encourage culture and breeding of ornamental fishes, creation of facilities and to explore trade avenues.

· Promote cold water fisheries and encourage culture of exotic trouts, snow trouts etc.

· Encourage sustainable aquaculture by diversifying culture activities presently from carp centric to integrated and other remunerative form of farming.

· Promote Fishery SHGS, Fish Grower Association, Fishery Co-operative, Fish Farmer Club.

· Skill development with effective extension coverage.

· Conservation of indigenous fish species and to make it a people’s movement.

Mission thus entails solution for sustainable development aiming at achieving exclusive economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability.

Development objective: “To facilitate sustainable development and management of fisheries and aquaculture resources for dignified and sustained rural livelihood.” As indicated there is vision envisaged for tapping the emerging opportunities in fisheries sector and addressing them with scientific backstopping for exploitation. Accelerating the process of aquaculture/fishery development and making it farmer’s friendly a number of schemes under state and central sector with various componenet is being implemented to bring this sector at par with other allied department.
Agriculture alone cannot bear the burden of providing food security and employment. The scope for horizontal expansion is agriculture is limited and vertical expansion has its own limitation due to soil type and diverse agroclimatic condition. As such a diversification effort in tapping other available resources is required. Fishery is the most efficient convertor of protein into flesh. It has got edge over other allied agricultural activities
In terms of economic return nutrition. Development of this sector can go a long way in solving the problem of livelihood support, Protein security and sustain income generation. Endevour/approach should be specific, target oriented and in holistic manner. It should be able to address the short comings and to meet the expectation of farmers.
It is disheartening that we are per force dependent upon other statye even for our consumption requirement of table fish despite ample of resources. All that however is now past and we are looking ahead to make Arunachal Pradesh self sufficient and reduce our dependence.
Vision document of the department will redefine our development strategy and opening up windows for new and multifaceted livelihood opportunities trough mission mode intervention with Motto “FROM DEPENDENCE TO SELF SUFFICIENCY’ captures very eloquently what we seek to achieve. Vision thus envisaged will not just address the deficit of table fish; it will also help to resolve several of the unemployment issues that are plaguing the rural areas of the state. The ancillary services that will develop will productivity engage rural people in fisheries sector on sustainable basis. It is however, easier said then done because the problem being faced by the department is multifaceted and it may take years to stream line the working atmosphere of the department and revisit the planning process, policies and strategies before we can fulfil our dream

Stocking of upland/high altitude lakes:
Rich population of indigenous fishes and thriving fishery once exists in a number of high altitude lakes. Most of these resources are in inaccessible areas and remain covered with snow in winter. These resources are exploited for domestic consumption without being replenished thereby reducing the fish population. If let to remain in this condition without being replenished, these resources in neat future will be devoid of fish population and a disturbed ecology.
It is planned to map these resources located in Tawang, West Kameng, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley &Anjaw district employing GIS technology and massive stocking with endemic and exotic fishes to replenish dwindling fish population and restoring its ecology. On accomplishment of stocking the same in near future could be developed as fishery based eco-tourism in liaison with the Tourism Department.
Distribution of fish seed:
Fish seed is the critical input in aquaculture which determines productivity or the outcome. Most of the ponds are left un-stocked with fish seed by the farmers because of not getting the same at right season and time. Since seed is not readily available locally, farmers find it difficult to manage it from outside because of high transportation cost, uncertainty in terms of breed and quality. Further weak financial condition and is the reason for leaving their pond without stocking fish seed thus making it unproductive. In most places the farmers are forced to depend on handiwallas for their requirement of stocking. Taking this advantage the farmers are exploited by these handiwallas, supplying with inferior quality seed leading to negative growth and reduce production. To assure the farmers about uninterrupted supply and availability of quality seed, the scheme is being implemented throughout the state continuously for the past four years. Feedback from the ground level indicates its popularity and impact on production and productivity. Seeing its popularity/success and impact at farmer’s level it is proposed to continue the scheme and distribute 400 million of fish seed by 2030.
Development of cold Water Fisheries:
Most of the aquatic resources are in the sub tropical and alpine zone covering almost 90% of the state’s total area where maximum fish diversity is found and classified as cold water fisheries resources. Importance of cold water fisheries as a potential source of sustained income coupled with tourism and recreational activities could not be ignored. Literally speaking this sector of fishery is still in infancy and requires tremendous effort, monetary support and participation of people. Owing to micro climatic conditions coupled with thermal variables, the production from upland region is still very low. This discourages the farmers to come forward and adopt aquaculture as one of the profession. However the scenario has slightly changed and several farmers have started culture of exotic carp and touts along with culture of indigenous fishes especially Mahseers and snow trouts. Though efforts have been initiated for the development and popularization of fishery in this region still there is a lot to be done. All out effort will be made to develop hill aquaculture which will include horizontal and vertical expansion of fish culture activities, integrated aquaculture, stock diversification, implementation of sustainable production enhancement measures in lakes, reservoirs, introduction of zone specific culture technology for judicious exploitation of these resources. Improvement and development of infrastructure with massive investment from centre and state Government, capacity building of stakeholders, promotion of sport fishery and fishery based ec0-tourism will be taken up on priority. Setting up of a cold water fisheries research station of DCFR (ICAR), Bhimtal facilitating research on indigenous fish species, standardization and documentation of breeding and culture protocol of indigenous fishes having food, sport and ornamental value will also be explored.
Ornamental Fisheries:
Collection, propagation and marketing of ornamental fishes are potential venture. This industry is growing up with rising domestic and external demand. In aquaculture sector the ornamental fish breeding and trade provides excellent opportunities as a non food fishing activity for employment and income generation. It is totally environment friendly and involves low investment with short gestation period. It could be adopted as a small scale backyard enterprise either on full time or part time basis and it ensures high return. State’s open water resources and repository of ornamental fishes. Though the culture is yet to establish but the trade is being carried out illegally by collection from the wild sources. The breeding and rearing of ornamental fish doesn’t require much space and can be undertaken even in small area as backyard activity. This home based enterprise is highly suitable for women and their economic empowerment. The focus in this area would be on development of technical and entrepreneurial skill among women and unemployed youth to take ornamental fish culture on a business mode encompassing supplementary activities such as manufacturing of Aquaria, Packaging and marketing of aquarium fish and aquarium accessories and providing periodical maintenance services to aquarists.
Aquarium manufacturing will also be encouraged through which employment opportunities can be generated where some unemployed youth,Women in a limited scale can start manufacturing. Apart from financial assistance theBreeders/rearers, retail center cum aquarium manufactures will also trained. For Financial,Technical and marketing support MPEDA & CIFA will be approached. It is proposed to Establish 10 ornamental fish breeding units/farms, 100 rearing units & 50 aquariums Manufacturing units by 2030.
Fish Seed rearing Centre:
The state being land a locked one with sparse distribution of aquatic resources, transporting fish seed to such location becomes difficult owing to disruption of communication network due to natural calamities and heavy transportation cost depriving the farmers from this basic input. Being seasonal fish seed has to be stocked within the extended period of its availability; otherwise the ponds remain unproductive effecting production and productivity. Fish seed availability is a major problem being faced by the farmers and non availability in time and on demand exaggerates the problem even further. This is comparatively a new concept and 5 such centers on trial basis were implemented during 2014-15 covering 5 districts. Though its benefit is yet to be evaluated but its impact on easy availability of fish seed is certain. For the benefit of fish farmers it is therefore proposed to establish at least one centre in each administrative circle in private sector subject to availability of potential area or where there is high concentration of fish ponds and fishery activities. It is a profitable venture and will ensure sustained income and generate employment. In all together it is proposed to develop 100 such centre with minimum of 1.0 ha area covering all administrative circles of the state.
Fish based eco-tourism:
Eco-tourism is a sustainable form of resource utilization which in turn helps conservation while providing sustained income. Considering its advantage over traditional farming optimum multiple uses of the resources on sustainable basis must be thought of and encouraged. Fishery based eco-tourism is emerging as one of the area for the educated unemployed youth and farmer to develop entrepreneurship/self-employment and also results in ancillary activities which generates employment. Fish farm of progressive fish farmers can be converted into multi-dimensional venture with beautification of the landscape, addition of recreational infrastructures and angling facilities beside routine annual production of fish and fish seed. One time small scale little earning farm can be transformed to an enterprise with round the year livelihood earning for the owner. As an experimental point of view five units were development in five different districts by converting the fish farm of the progressive fish farmer by developing required infrastructures. With encouraging results there is further scope to encourage such enterprise in other parts of the state. Therefore it is proposed to develop 30 more such enterprise in the coming 15 years. These facilities in near future can also be developed/transformed into indigenous fish breeding, rearing and propagation centre.
Development of model fish farm:
“ Seeing is believing”. For augmenting fishery and aquaculture in the state a demonstration farm with all facilities and backup infrastructure is of paramount importance. In spite of huge potential in terms of resources the people are still reluctant to take up aquaculture.
Apprehending loss and non- performing in successive years and also due to lack of demonstrative impact of aquaculture in terms of economic viability and return. To start with during 2014-15 five nos. of Govt. Farms in 5 different districts were identified and assisted for developing into model farms and efforts are under way to develop at least 2 fish farms under Govt. Sector in each district and another 40 in private sector in the coming 15 years to popularize aquaculture.
Diversification of Aquaculture practices:
Diversification of Aquaculture is important to make this industry vibrant and ever growing. Aquaculture practiced in the state is carp centric and semi intensive type. New candidate species having high rate of production and market potential needs to be tried/ encouraged. Further endemic species, can also be reared along with other species. However, need of the hour is to go in for crop diversification and integrated form of culture practices in the interest of production enhancement of farmed fishes, reduction in overhead expenditure, double crop production from the same unit area, economic stability of the farmer and above all to maintain sustainability in Aquaculture production and productivity. Diversification for the past few years is being encouraged by the department in the form of fish livestock farming, paddy cum fish culture, poly culture, magur and prawn culture beside encouraging culture of Mahseer, Schizothorax and other indigenous minor carp along with IMC and Exotic Carp. Outcome of this endeavor is encouraging. To popularize diversification further, it is proposed to implement following integration practices over a period of 15 years: 1. Polyculture -500 ha 2. Fish –live stock farming a) Pig cum fish culture -1000 ha b) Duck cum fish culture -300 ha c) Poultry cum fish culture -300 ha 3. Fresh water prawn culture (M. Rosembergii) -200 ha 4. Indigenous magur Culture (Clariasbatrachus) -200 ha 5. Promotion of indigenous fish culture (Mahseer, Schizothorax, minor carps) -200 ha Reservoir Fisheries:
There are many water storage tanks/reservoirs in the state for generating electricity in the form of micro & mini Hydro Electric Projects (HEP) and many big reservoirs with large water bodies are in their various stages of execution while many more are in the pipeline. As and when these reservoirs are impounded large water bodies will be created. In near future these resources will become the nuclei of all sorts of fisheries activities and one of the prime fish producing resources of the state. Though culture technique in such water bodies is available further refinement of these technology/technique suiting social custom and in consonant with local agro-climatic condition will be evolved for optimum utilization and judicious management of these resources. It is expected that another 1000-1500 ha area of large water body will come up in the next 15 years in addition to 160 ha area of Ranganadi reservoir presently in operation. All the impounded area in near future will be brought under Pisciculture with technical support from CIFRI Kolkata and DCFR Bhimtal. Possible investment opportunities from other agencies will be explored and channelized for optimum utilization of these resources for enhanced fish production.
Fish Culture in Irrigation Channels/tanks:
Another important resource for aquaculture enhancement in the state can be minor irrigation tanks and channels. With the expansion in permanent cultivation more area are brought under irrigation network by creating minor irrigation projects (MIPS). These facilities can be best utilized for developing running water fish culture (RWFC) with minor alteration and refinement in technology as per local needs for culture of carps & air breaking fishes in these channels/tanks. It is expected to have approximately 800-1000 ha of such resources by 2030. Steps on priority will be initiated for obtaining rights to introduce pisciculture in these resources with appropriate policy decision/intervention.
Creation of facilities for production of quality and cost effective feed:
Lack of quality feed is always a constraint for aquaculture development in the state. At Present except for small quantity which which is available within the state, bulk of the feed requirement is met by importing from neighboring state at a higher cost which also includes transportation and incentive for the supplier/producer. Good wholesome and cost effective feed with efficient FCR is the prime requirement of increasing production and productivity in aquaculture. Presently the fish farmers are relying on a crude mixture of rice bran and Mustard oil cake (MOC) for semi incentive practices, while for sustainable intensification of aquaculture its role is either limited or negligent. Availability of key ingredients in recent years has become scarec putting fish farmers in disadvantageous position. In view of scarcity of ingredients, production of formulated feed has become imperative and popularization of extruded feed based aquaculture among the farmers would help in bringing good management practices in aquaculture. As of now there is no feed mill in the state. The rice bran (RB) and mustard oil cake (MOC) available in some parts of the state which could have been utilized as raw materials for development of formulated feed otherwise remains as waste product. If put into proper use it can revolutionalize aquaculture/fishery in the state. In the interest of enchasing production and productivity it is proposed to establish 4 small feed mills having 1 MT capacity in selected four districts i.e. (East siang, Papumpare, Changlang&Namsai) where there is availability of raw material.
Creation of fish Disease Surveillance and Quarantine facilities:
With increase in aquaculture activities, induction of new species & technologies, anthropogenic activities, pollution, damage to aqua ecology and habitat degradation and climate change disease outbreak are becoming common resulting in considerable loss to fish stock and economic loss to the farmer.
Many a time the situation gets aggravated due to ignorance because of lack of awareness on aquatic animal diseases, subsequent prophylactic management & early containment. The situation even gets worse due to absence of required minimum infrastructure for disease surveillance, early warning of disease outbreak and non existence of proper field level detection mechanism. Further to meet up the demand of fish seed requirement, it is imported from outside which also add to spread of diseases and entry of undesired species which may be detrimental to existence of native fish population. Requirement of setting up of quarantine facilities, regular surveillance, epidemiological investigation, network of early warning facilities, disease diagnostic laboratories will be taken up to avert any incidence and protection of our native species from being extinct. It is therefore needed to establish quarantine facilities in all entry points to district and a mini Disease Diagnostic laboratory in all districts headquarter/farms. 20 Nos. of mini DDL & 10 Nos. round the clock surveillance centre with quarantine facilities is proposed to be established over a period of 15 years. Initially District with high concentration of aquaculture activities will be covered followed by other district in a phased manner.
Development of aquaculture hub:
This is probably a new concept in fisheries history of the state. Since past few decades the aquaculture/fishery has grown many folds with assistance from centre and state. Production and productivity also increased but more effort is still needed to bring it at par with the production level of other state. Since the fisheries resources are scattered over a vast area, concentrated effort for its development and optimum utilization could not be given resulting in under utilization of resources. Foot hill districts of the state have the potential to become aquaculture/fishery hub provided strategy for holistic and concentrated development approach is adopted. All out effort will be made to develop 8 (eight) districts of the state namely Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, East Siang, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Namsai, Changlang and Longding into Aquaculture districts and 1 (one) village in each block of the state as aquaculture village by 2030. Once transformed it will become inspirational to others and its success will be extended/replicated to other village/district.
Development of seed production facilities:
Fishing activities have gone up in the state with accelerating aquaculture/fishery development and opening up of this sector as a means of social-economic development of rural population. Seed is prime requirement for aquaculture and other culture based capture fishery. The state so far is deficit in seed production and bulk quantities are imported from outside to fulfill the demand for stocking of farmers pond and other enhancement. Seed imported from other state somewhere are poor bred affecting growth and productivity. In pursuit of accelerating fishery/Aquaculture development in the state and fish seed being one of the critical inputs, number of fish farms in government sector has been established. Few of the farms were even equipped with seed production infrastructure. Some progressive fish farmers were also encouraged to undertake breeding and rearing of fish seed so that it is easily accessible to fish farmers. Infrastructures developed in Government farms are now obsolete or outdated. Conventional breeding is being carried out in most of the Government and beneficiary’s farm but is still far from meeting even the minimum requirement. As on date 7 no. of eco-hatcheries and 9 portable FRP carp hatcheries were installed in Government and private sector respectively. With expansion of area under fish cultivation and demand for fish seed has also increased proportionately which cannot be fulfilled from internal production alone, thus creating a huge gap between demand and supply. This unbalanced seed production does not auger well for the sector. Quality seed production and year round availability locally is the basic requirement for development of fishery & aquaculture in the state. At present 4.5 million seed is produced internally against the requirement of approximately 20 million. By the end of 2030 the fish seed requirement for stocking of pond and tanks, reservoir and other enhancement will go up by many times of present requirement while production is expected to be around 84 million. To manage/reduce the gap between demand and supply by 2030 to at least minimum, series of initiative will be taken. First being modernization of departmental fish farms on priority with creation of facilities for seed production, up gradation/remodeling of existing hatcheries, complete over hauling of existing facilities, development of brood stock and creation of district and state level brood bank. Incentive will be provided to individual progressive fish farmer and will be encouraged to install eco-hatcheries and portable FRP carp hatcheries. Financial institutions will be approached / pursued to finance such projects so as to achieve the goal of self sufficiency in seed production by 2030. Over a period of 15 years it is proposed to install 10 (ten) no. of eco hatcheries, 20 (twenty) FRP carp hatcheries, 20 (twenty) district level and 1 (one) state level brood bank facilities in a phased manner in fisheries potential District of the state by involving progressive fish farmers.
Establishment of post harvest and marketing infrastructures:
presently there is no facility for handling, storing and marketing of fishes. Fish being highly perishable item cannot be stored without proper facilities for a longer period once taken out of the pond. In absence of such facilities farmers are reluctant to market their produce in bulk quantities fearing spoilage, rather prefers marketing small quantities averting risk of overnight storing. Moreover there is not even proper fish landing centre. At present there are no regulated fish market or retail outlets in the state. Fish is being marketed in a most deplorable and unhygienic atmosphere in way side markets. It is a common sight that fish is sold through street markets and often on foot path. Though domestic market holds huge potential still they remain highly unorganized and unregulated. Most of the markets even lack in basic infrastructures like adequate clean water supply, proper drainage and disposal system, hygienic fish trading and cutting platforms, storage facilities cold chains, chilling plants, ice plants etc.
There is urgent need to upgrade and modernize and existing fish markets, construction of new ones in pre-identified areas where there is high consumption and bulk trading of fishes. There is also a need to develop infrastructure facilities at fish landing centre along fish modals. Establishing cold chain will minimize post harvest losses, and will encourage fish farmers to opt for bulk marketing. Marketing infrastructures and cold chain will open new vistas though processing and value addition. Efforts to increase fisheries productivity needs to be complemented by fish consumption. Chain of modern hygienic fish kiosk and dish vending with motorcycle mounted insulated box in most of the district and sub-divisional town is an emerging opportunity for educated unemployed youth and upcoming young entrepreneurs. This potential will be fully exploited in the interest of fish farmers and consumers. It is proposed to develop following infrastructures with financial support from NFDB or other central agencies in the coming 15 years:-

Regulated modern hygienic retail fish market As per feasibility in eight potential districts in a Phased manner – 10 Nos.
Fish landing and assimilation center – 4 Nos.
Cold chain with ice plats – 3 Nos.
Modern Hygienic fish kiosks – 3 Nos.
Motorcycle mounted insulated box for fish vending- 100 Nos.

INDIAN FOREST TYPES

December 21, 2016October 5, 2024 by rawan239

Forest types in India are classified by Champion and Seth into sixteen types.

Tropical Wet evergreen forests

are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the north-eastern region.

It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees.

The trees in this forest form a tier pattern:

Beautiful fern of various colours and different varieties of orchids grow on the trunks of the trees.

Among the following States, which one has the most suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of a large variety of orchids with minimum cost of production, and can develop

Tropical Semi-evergreen forests

found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Eastern

Himalayas.

Such forests have a mixture of the wet evergreen trees and the moist

deciduous trees. The forest is dense

Tropical Moist deciduous forests

found throughout India except in the western and the north -western regions.

The trees are tall, have broad trunks, branching trunks and roots to hold them firmly to the ground.

These forests are dominated by sal and teak, along with mango, bamboo, and rosewood.

Littoral and swamp

found along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the delta area of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

They have roots that consist of soft tissue so that the plant can breathe in the water.

Tropical Dry deciduous forest

The northern part of the country except in the North-East. It is also found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The canopy, of the trees does not normally exceed 25 metres.

The common trees are the sal, a variety of acacia, and bamboo.

Tropical Thorn forests

This type is found in areas with black soil: North, West, Central, and South India. The trees do not grow beyond 10 metres. Spurge, caper, and cactus are typical of this region.

Tropical Dry evergreen forest

Dry evergreens are found along Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka coast. It is mainly hard-leaved evergreen trees with fragrant flowers, along with a few deciduous trees.

Sub-tropical Broad-leaved forests

Broad-leaved forests are found in the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats, along the Silent Valley.

There is a marked difference in the form of vegetation in the two areas.

In the Silent Valley, the poonspar, cinnamon, rhododendron, and fragrant grass are predominant.

In the Eastern Himalayas, the flora has been badly affected by the shifting cultivation and forest fires.

There are oak, alder, chestnut, birch, and cherry trees. There are a large variety of orchids, bamboo and creepers.

Sub-tropical Pine forests

found in Shivalik Hills, Western and Central Himalayas, Khasi, Naga, and Manipur Hills.

The trees predominantly found in these areas are the chir, oak, rhododendion, and pine as well as sal, amla, and laburnum are found in the lower regions.

Sub-tropical Dry evergreen forests

hot and dry season and a cold winter. It generally has evergreen trees with shining

leaves that have a varnished look.

found in the Shivalik Hills and foothills of the Himalayas up to a height of 1000 metres.

Montane Wet temperate forests

In the North, found in the region to the east of Nepal into Arunachal Pradesh, receiving a minimum rainfall of 2000 mm. In the North, there are three layers of forests: the higher layer has mainly coniferous, the middle layer has deciduous trees such as the oak and the lowest layer is covered by rhododendron and champa.

In the South, it is found in parts of the Niligiri Hills, the higher reaches of Kerala.

The forests in the northern region are denser than in the South. Rhododendrons and a

variety of ground flora can be found here.

Himalayan Moist temperate Forest

This type spreads from the Western Himalayas to the Eastern Himalayas. The trees

found in the western section are broad-leaved oak, brown oak, walnut,

rhododendron,

Eastern Himalayas, the rainfall is much heavier and therefore the vegetation is also more lush and dense. There are a large variety of broad-leaved trees, ferri, and bamboo.

Himalayan Dry temperate Forest

This type is found in Lahul, Kinnaur, Sikkim, and other parts of the Himalayas.

There are predominantly coniferous trees, along with broad-leaved trees such as the oak, maple, and ash. At higher elevation, fir, juniper, deodar, and chilgoza are found.

Sub alpine forest

Sub alpine forests extend from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh between 2900 to 3500 metres.

In the Western Himalayas, the vegetation consists mainly of juniper, hododendron, willow, and black currant.

In the eastern parts, red fir, black juniper, birch, and larch are the common trees.

Due to heavy rainfall and high humidity the timberline in this part is higher than that in the West.

Rhododendron of many species covers the hills in these parts.

Moist Alpine scrub

Moist alpines are found all along the Himalayas and on the higher hills near the Myanmar border. It has a low scrub, dense evergreen forest, consisting mainly of rhododendron and birch. Mosses and ferns cover the ground in patches. This region receives heavy snowfall.

Dry alpine scrub

Dry alpines are found from about 3000 metres to about 4900 metres. Dwarf plants predominate, mainly the black juniper, the drooping juniper, honeysuckle, and willow.

Union Parliament and State Legislatures.

July 14, 2017October 5, 2024 by rawan239

Parliament is the central institution through which the will of the people is expressed, laws are passed and government is held to account. It plays a vital role in a democracy, and endeavours to be truly representative, transparent, accessible, accountable and effective in its many functions. The Parliament has two Houses–Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha is upper House and represents the States of India while the Lok Sabha is lower House.

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha: 0rganisation and Functions;

The Council of States (Rajya Sabha) is the Upper House of our Parliament. It consists of not more than 250 members, out of which, 238 members represent the States and Union territories and 12 members are nominated by the President from amongst the persons having special knowledge and practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. At present, the actual strength of Rajya Sabha is 245. A permanent body, Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire biennially. A member who is elected for a full term retains his membership for six years. He is eligible for re-election. A Member elected/ nominated to a casual vacancy serves for the remainder term only. Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.

Lok Sabha is composed of representative of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, upto 530 members to represent the States, up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President, if, in his opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.

The cardinal functions of the Parliament is to oversee the administration, passing of budget, ventilation of public grievances, and discussing various subjects like development plans, international relations, and national policies. The Parliament can, under certain circumstances, assume legislative power with respect to a subject falling within the sphere, exclusively reserved for the states.

The Parliament is also vested with powers to impeach the President, remove judges of Supreme and High Courts, the Chief Election Commissioner, and Comptroller and Auditor General in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Constitution. All legislation requires the consent of both Houses of Parliament. In the case of Money Bills, the will of the Lok Sabha prevails. The Parliament is also vested with the power to initiate amendments in the Constitution.

Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of the Constitution deal with the organisation, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the state legislature.In most of the States, the Legislature consists of the Governor and the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha). This means that these State have unicameral Legislature. In a Six States( Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh.), there are two Houses of the Legislature namely, Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and Legislative council (Vidhan Parishad) besides the Governor.Where there are two Houses, the Legislature, is known as bicameral.Five States have the bicameral, legislature. The Legislative Assembly is known as lower House or popular House. The Legislative Council is known as upper House.

There is a Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) in every State. It represents the people of State. The members of Vidhan Sabha are directly elected by people on the basis of universal adult franchise. They are directly elected by all adult citizens registered as voters in the State. All men and women who are 18 years of age and above are eligible to be included in the voters’ List.

There are certain qualifications prescribed by the Constitution for being elected as an M. L. A. The candidate must:

be a citizen of India;
have attained the age of 25 years;
have his/her name in the voters’ list;
not hold any office of profit; and
not be a government servant.

Subject to the provisions of article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty, members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the State.

The Legislative council or Vidhan Parishad is partly elected and partly nominated. Most of the members are indirectly elected in accordance with the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote system. Different categories of members represent different interests. The composition of the Legislative Council is as follows:

i. One-third members of the Council are elected by the members of the Vidhan Sabha.
ii. One-third of the members of the Vidhan Parishad are elected by the electorates consisting of members of Municipalities, District Boards and other local bodies in the State;
iii. One-twelfth members are elected by the electorate consisting of graduates in the State with a standing of three years;
iv. One-twelfth members are elected by the electorate consisting of teachers of educatioal institutions within the State not lower in standard than a secondary school who have teaching experience of at least three years;
v. The remaining, i.e. about one-sixth members are nominated by the Governor from amongst the persons having special knowledge in the sphere of literature, science, arts, co-operative movement and social service.

The State Legislature is empowered to make laws on State List and Concurrent List. The Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies have the right to make the laws on the subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List. But in case of contradiction between the Union and State law on the subject the law made by the Parliament shall prevail.

State legislature has exclusive powers over subjects enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and concurrent powers over those enumerated in List III. Financial powers of legislature include authorisation of all expenditure, taxation and borrowing by the state government. Legislative assembly alone has power to originate money bills. Legislative council can make only recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from Assembly. Assembly can accept or reject these recommendations.

State legislatures, apart from exercising the usual power of financial control, use all normal parliamentary devices like questions, discussions, debates, adjournments and no-confidence motions and resolutions to keep a watch over day-to-day work of the executive. They also have their committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by legislature are properly utilised.

Queen Victoria Proclamation

April 15, 2018October 5, 2024 by rawan239

On November 1, 1858, a grand Darbar was held at Allahabad. Here Lord Canning sent forth the royal proclamation which announced that the queen had assumed the government of India. This proclamation declared the future policy of the British Rule in India.

The Queen’s Proclamation of 1858 assured the Indian Princes that their territories will not be annexed by the British Governments and they shall be given the right to adoption. A Durbar was held by Lord Canning at Allahabad on 1st November, 1858 to declare the assumption of the Government of India by the Crown. On that occasion Lord Canning also had read out the Queen’s proclamation to the princes and people of India.

The British Government ordered its servants in India not to interfere in the religious affairs of the Indians. In framing and administering law in India, due regard was to be shown to the customs, ancient rites and usages of the Indians. Indian subjects of Her Majesty were declared equal with the British subjects in other parts of the Empire. Equal rights and opportunities were guaranteed to the Indians along with other British subjects. Pardon and amnesty were offered to all those Indians who were still in arms against the British Government and who were not guilty of murder of British subjects. The treaties of the English East India Company were declared to be in force. The proclamation contained the following declaration about the Indians: “In their prosperity will be our strength, in their contentment our security and in their gratitude our best reward”.

The proclamation of 1858 was a great landmark in the Constitutional History of India. This declaration of policy remained the basis of Indian Administration up to 1917 when a new declaration was made by the British Government with regard to India. The declaration tried to remove the fears of Indian princes by guaranteeing to them their position. It also gave an assurance to the Indians that the Englishmen will not interfere in their religious affairs.

Health, Education, Human Resources.

July 6, 2013October 5, 2024 by rawan239

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Health

link are https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_FR6Jkv0z2ceFBXTnpyaXdFYkk/edit?usp=sharing

it states dat rural health but articles cover urban health too

Education

link is https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_FR6Jkv0z2cbENTY0xpNVdzaVU/edit?usp=sharing

REGULATORY GOVERNANCE

July 27, 2017October 5, 2024 by rawan239

Regulation refers to “controlling human or societal behaviour by rules or regulations or alternatively a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law”. Regulation covers all activities of private or public behaviour that may be detrimental to societal or governmental interest but its scope varies across countries. It can be operationally defined as “taxes and subsidies of all sorts as well as explicit legislative and administrative controls over rates, entry, and other facets of economic activity”.

Definition –

Regulatory Governance can be defined as the furthering of public goals by setting, monitoring, and enforcement of regulations directed at influencing behavior and that involves private parties.

There are some ambiguity in these two terms as perceived by many people.

Some more or less conceive of ‘regulation’ and ‘governance’ as synonyms. In this sense, regulation and governance both refer to operations aimed at influencing public goals. Others argue that regulation is only a subset of activities that is encompassed with the overarching term governance. They distinguish regulation from the granting, allocating and distributing of scarce resources. While regulation only indirectly shapes the distribution of scares resources in society by setting, monitoring and enforcing norms and standards, other policies are about the direct distribution or redistribution of scarce resources.In this sense, governance refers to both direct and indirect attempts to achieve public goals by way of ‘providing, distributing, and regulating’.

All contributions deal with setting, monitoring and enforcing norms and standards. Hence, It can be limited the analysis to governancy by regulation and leave out of consideration the subcategory of governance that concerns the direct distribution or redistribution of scarce resources.

The second difference in meanings attributed to governance pertains to the relationship between governance and government. Some distinguish governance from contents and actors. Conceived of as such governance concerns modes of social coordination to provide collective goods by regulation regardless of which actors undertake these attempts. According to this definition, governance can also include hierarchical steering by state actors only. Others define governance in terms of the involvement of private parties with the realization of public goals, or ‘beyond government’. Conceived of as such, governance is distinguished from social steering by state agents only, or ‘governance by government’.

Important Regulatory Bodies in India

RBI – Reserve Bank of India

Sector: Banking & Finance, Monetary Policy

SEBI – Securities and Exchange Board of India

Sector: Securities (Stock) & Capital Market

IRDAI – Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority

Sector: Insurance

PFRDA – Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority

Sector: Pension

NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

Sector: Financing Rural Development

SIDBI – Small Industries Development Bank of India

Sector: Financing Micro, Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises

Example – Regulatory Governance in Education à

Other Contemporary States

June 5, 2017October 5, 2024 by rawan239


	Bihar			After Saadat Khan, Safdarjung became the king who was an impartial ruler &
				carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula
				succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided
				with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat.
	Bengal			Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son
				Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later
				Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa.
				After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to
				Britishers under Lord Clive.
	Hyderabad			Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724.
	Mysore &			Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in
	Haider Ali			the 18^th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the
				King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief
				of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by
				Peshwa Madhav Rao.
	Tipu Sultan			He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after
				claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of
				jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch
				muslim. He donated money to hindus but later got the temples abolished.
	Travancore			Martanda Verma
	Rajput States			Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh)
	Rohilkhand			Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated
				by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas.
	Sikhs			Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave
				commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar.

Climate Change

March 17, 2016October 4, 2024 by rawan239

It is the long term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time
Though it has been happening naturally for millions of years, in recent years it has accelerated due to anthropogenic causes and has been causing global warming.
UNFCCC defines climate change as – “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”

Partition of Bengal and The Swadeshi Movement

October 22, 2015October 4, 2024 by rawan239

Partition of Bengal

With the partition of Bengal, Indian National Movement entered its second stage
On 20 July, 1905, Lord Curzon issued an order dividing the province of Bengal into two parts: Eastern Bengal and Assam with a population of 31 mn and the rest of Bengal with a population of 54 mn.
Reason given: the existing province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single provincial government
The partition expected to weaken the nerve centre of Indian Nationalism, Bengal.
The partition of the state intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under two administrations but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal itself as in the new proposed Bengal proper was to have seventeen million Bengali and thirty seven million Oriya and Hindi speaking people.
The partition was also meant to foster division on the basis of religion.
Risley, Home Secretary to the GoI, said on December 6, 1904 – ‘one of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule.’
the nationalists saw it as a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis territorially and on religious grounds

The Swadeshi Movement

The Swadeshi movement had its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the British decision to partition Bengal.
Mass protests were organized in opposition to the proposed partition.
Despite the protests, the decision to partition Bengal was announced on July 19, 1905
It became obvious to the nationalists that their moderate methods were not working and that a different kind of strategy was needed.
Several meetings were held in towns such as Dinajpur Pabna, Faridpur etc. It was in these meetings that the pledge to boycott foreign goods was first taken.
The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement was made on 7 August 1905 in a meeting held in the Calcutta town hall. The famous boycott resolution was passed.
The leaders like SN Banerjee toured the country urging the boycott of Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt.
The value of British cloth sold in some of the districts fell by five to fifteen times between September 1904 and September 1905.
The day the partition took effect – 16 October 1905 – was declared a day of mourning throughout Bengal.
The movement soon spread to the entire country.
Militant nationalists
- The extremists were in favor of extending the movement to the rest of India and carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full fledged political mass struggle. The moderates were not as willing to go that far.
- The differences between the extremists and moderates came to had in 1907 Surat session where the party split with serious consequences for the Swadeshi Movement.
- In Bengal, the extremists acquired a dominant influence over the Swadeshi movement.
- They proposed the technique of extended boycott which included, apart from boycott of foreign goods, boycott of government schools and colleges, courts, titles and government services and even the organization of strikes.
- Aurobindo Ghose: Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation.
- Boycott and public burning foreign cloth, picketing of shops selling foreign goods, became common in remote corners of Bengal as well as in many towns across the country.
- The militant nationslists, however, failed to give a positive leadership to the people. They also failed to reach the real masses of the country, the peasants.
The movement also innovated with considerable success different forms of mass mobilization such as public meetings, processions and corps of volunteers.
The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt, a school teacher, in Barisal was the most well known volunteer organization.
During the Swadeshi period, traditional festivals were used to reach out to the masses. The Ganapati and Shivaji festivals were popularized by Tilak. Traditional folk theatres such as jatras were also used.
Another important aspect was the great emphasis given to self-reliance or Atmasakti as a necessary part of the struggle against the government.
Self-reliance was the keyword. Campaigns for social reforms were carried out.
In 1906, the National Council for Education was setup to organize the education system.
Self-reliance also meant an effort to set up Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises.
Marked impact in the cultural sphere
- The songs composed by Rabindranath Tago, Mukunda Das and others became the moving spirit for nationalists.
- Rabindranath’s ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, written at that time, was to later inspire the liberation struggle of Bangladesh and was adopted as the national anthem of the country in 1971.
- Nandalal Bose, who left a major imprint on Indian art, was the first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art founded in 1907.
The social base of the national movement was now extened to include certain zamindari section, lower middle class and school and college students. Women also participated in large numbers.
Drawback: Was not able to garner the support of the mass of Muslims, especially the muslim peasantry. The British policy of communalism responsible for this.
By mid-1908, the movement was almost over. The main reasons were:
- The government, seeing the revolutionary potential of the movement, came down with a heavy hand.
- The split of the congress in 1907 had weakened the movement.
- The movement lacked an effective organization and party structure.
- The movement decline dpartially because of the logic of the mass movements itself – they cannot be endlessly sustained at the same pitch of militancy and self-sacrifice.
The anti-partition movement, however, marked a great revolutionary leap forward for Indian nationalism.
The decline of Swadeshi engendered the rise of revolutionary terrorism.
Assessing the movement
- Cultural impact
- Social Impact
- Economic impact
- Role of students and Women
- All India aspect of the movement
- From passive protest to active boycott

August Offer (1940)

June 6, 2017October 4, 2024 by rawan239

After the WWII began, British sought cooperation from India. August Offer offered three proposals. Firstly, it called for an immediate expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council with the inclusion of India representatives; secondly, an advisory body with the members from British India and Indian princely states which were supposed to meet at consequent intervals was established and thirdly, two practical steps were decided to be taken in which it was to come at an agreement with the Indians on the form of the post representatives body should take and the methods by which it should come to a conclusion. It further planned to draw out the principles and outlines of the Constitution itself.

Congress did not accept the offer.